Relationship Between Tobacco Smoking and Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Patkar, Ashwin A.; Gopalakrishnan, Raman; Lundy, Allan; Leone, Frank T.; Certa, Kenneth; Weinstein, Stephen P.

doi:10.1097/00005053-200209000-00005

Cited by 102 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Furthermore, smoking high-nicotine cigarettes reduced negative symptoms compared to smoking de-nicotinized cigarettes (Smith et al, 2001). Patkar et al (2002) like us also found that smoking was associated with significantly fewer negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Thus, newer studies suggest that smoking may be associated with fewer negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Nicotine Dependence, Symptoms and Oxidative Stress in Male Patients with Schizophrenia

Zhang

Tan

Zhou

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The high rate of smoking in schizophrenia may reflect patients' attempts to reduce the side effects of antipsychotic medications, and one mechanism for this reduction may be a reduction in oxidative stress and free radical-mediated brain damage that may contribute to schizophrenic symptoms and to complications of its treatment. Symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), side effects were assessed with the Simpson and Angus Rating Scale (SAS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in plasma. All of these measures were compared in 130 male inpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia: 104 smokers and 26 non-smokers. The results showed that the positive PANSS symptoms were lower in smokers than non-smokers (14.5 vs 17.5), while the negative symptoms were lower in those who smoked more cigarettes (r ¼ À0.23). The SAS showed no differences. The CAT activity was correlated with both GSH-Px and SOD activities. Of the three enzymes only the CAT activity was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (2.9 vs 1.6 U/ml), but greater SOD activity correlated more cigarettes smoked (r ¼ 0.24). Consistent with some protection against oxidative stress, MDA also was significantly lower in smokers than non-smokers (9.2 vs 14.4 nmol/ml). The fewer positive symptoms in smokers and fewer negative symptoms in those who smoked more cigarettes may be a selection bias, but appears to be associated with decreased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in schizophrenics who smoke tobacco.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Nicotine Dependence, Symptoms and Oxidative Stress in Male Patients with Schizophrenia

Zhang

Tan

Zhou

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Several studies indicate that psychiatric patients often "self-medicate" smoking as a form of relaxation and also to reduce anxiety and relieve some of the symptoms of the illness and the side effects of antipsychotic drugs 17,18 . All these effects are directly associated with nicotine and the dependence on this drug has been shown to be more intense among psychiatric patients than in the general population 19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking among psychiatric patients in Brazil

et al. 2014

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“…Studies have shown increased positive and negative symptoms among smokers with schizophrenia (Arias et al, 1997;Beratis et al, 2001;Goff et al, 1992;Hall et al, 1995), and positive associations between the level of nicotine dependence and positive symptoms (de Leon et al, 2006;Zeidonis et al, 1994) and negative symptoms (Fukui et al, 1995;Patkar et al, 2002). One study reported negative correlations between the level of nicotine dependence and negative symptoms (Arias et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine consumption and schizotypy in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls

Esterberg

Jones

Compton

et al. 2007

Schizophrenia Research

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Individuals with schizophrenia have very high rates of cigarette smoking, and much has been discovered about the influence of nicotine on brain functioning in schizophrenia. However, less is understood about the relationship between nicotine consumption and milder phenotypes related to schizophrenia, specifically schizotypy. This study examined the relationship between nicotine consumption and schizotypy in two unmedicated samples that included first-degree relatives and non-psychiatric controls.Forty-two first-degree relatives and 50 control participants were administered a self-report questionnaire on schizotypal features as well as a self-report questionnaire on smoking behavior. A positive relationship was found between smoking status and level of schizotypy, and higher levels of schizotypy significantly predicted the odds of being a smoker after controlling for gender and group status. Interestingly, group status was a significant moderator in the relationship between level of schizotypy and smoking status, such that the relationship between these two variables was only significant in the first-degree relatives. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between these variables in a sample of firstdegree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. Those individuals with more schizotypal features are presumably at greater risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and thus may be more likely to smoke cigarettes given the known biochemical effects of nicotine on overt positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Although relatives did not differ from controls in their level of selfreported schizotypy, the significant relationship between smoking status and schizotypy in the former group is likely explained by their genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

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Relationship Between Tobacco Smoking and Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Cited by 102 publications

References 34 publications

Nicotine Dependence, Symptoms and Oxidative Stress in Male Patients with Schizophrenia

Nicotine Dependence, Symptoms and Oxidative Stress in Male Patients with Schizophrenia

Cigarette smoking among psychiatric patients in Brazil

Nicotine consumption and schizotypy in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls

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