Relationship Between Timing of Peak Height Velocity and Pubertal Staging in Boys and Girls

Granados, Andrea; Gebremariam, Achamyeleh; Lee, Joyce M.

doi:10.4274/jcrpe.2007

Cited by 95 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Some sex disparities in childhood cancer incidence may be due to the male excess in birth defects (overall male:female ratio 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13–1.24) and chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, which are associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer and leukemia, respectively. Other biologic mechanisms for the increased risk of childhood cancer among males may depend on sex differences in (1) germline variation and gene expression on the X and autosomal chromosomes; (2) immune responses; and (3) pubertal hormone profiles and the corresponding growth rates …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex ratio among childhood cancers by single year of age

Williams

Richardson

Marcotte

et al. 2019

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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Background The male excess in childhood cancer incidence is well‐established; however, the underlying biologic mechanisms remain unknown. Examining the association between male sex and childhood cancer by single year of age and tumor type may highlight important periods of risk such as variation in growth and hormonal changes, which will inform etiologic hypotheses. Methods Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 registries (2000–2015), incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated as the measure of association between male sex and childhood cancer by single year of age (0–19). Results The IRR for male cancer overall was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.18–1.20) and was similar in magnitude at nearly every year of age. Burkitt lymphoma was strongly associated with male sex (IRRs ≥2 at each year of age). Increased incidence was observed among males for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphomas for nearly all years of age. Medulloblastoma was the only central nervous system tumor with a significant male predominance at nearly every age. Male sex displayed a consistent inverse association with nephroblastoma and thyroid carcinoma over the ages studied. Conclusions Male sex was positively associated with most cancers. The higher incidence rates observed in males remained consistent over the childhood and adolescent periods, suggesting that childhood and adolescent hormonal fluctuations may not be the primary driving factor for the sex disparities in childhood cancer. The observed incidence disparities may be due to sex differences in exposures, genetics, or immune responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex ratio among childhood cancers by single year of age

Williams

Richardson

Marcotte

et al. 2019

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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“…For descriptive purposes, we also assessed maturity at each visit using the method of Tanner; self‐reported pubic hair stage in boys and self‐reported breast stage in girls . On average, girls attain APHV by Tanner stage 3 (early puberty) and boys by Tanner stage 4 (peri‐puberty) …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Bone Strength From Childhood to Early Adulthood: A Mixed Longitudinal HR-pQCT study

Gabel

Macdonald

Nettlefold

et al. 2017

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Bone strength is influenced by bone geometry, density, and bone microarchitecture, which adapt to increased mechanical loads during growth. Physical activity (PA) is essential for optimal bone strength accrual; however, less is known about how sedentary time influences bone strength and its determinants. Thus, our aim was to investigate the prospective associations between PA, sedentary time, and bone strength and its determinants during adolescence. We used HR-pQCT at distal tibia (8% site) and radius (7% site) in 173 girls and 136 boys (aged 9 to 20 years at baseline). We conducted a maximum of four annual measurements at the tibia (n = 785 observations) and radius (n = 582 observations). We assessed moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sedentary time with accelerometers (ActiGraph GT1M). We aligned participants on maturity (years from age at peak height velocity) and fit a mixed-effects model adjusting for maturity, sex, ethnicity, leg muscle power, lean mass, limb length, dietary calcium, and MVPA in sedentary time models. MVPA was a positive independent predictor of bone strength (failure load [F.Load]) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) at the tibia and radius, total area (Tt.Ar) and cortical porosity (Ct.Po) at the tibia, and negative predictor of load-to-strength ratio at the radius. Sedentary time was a negative independent predictor of Tt.Ar at both sites and Ct.Po at the tibia and a positive predictor of cortical thickness (Ct.Th), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and cortical bone mineral density (Ct.BMD) at the tibia. Bone parameters demonstrated maturity-specific associations with MVPA and sedentary time, whereby associations were strongest during early and mid-puberty. Our findings support the importance of PA for bone strength accrual and its determinants across adolescent growth and provide new evidence of a detrimental association of sedentary time with bone geometry but positive associations with microarchitecture. This study highlights maturity-specific relationships of bone strength and its determinants with loading and unloading. Future studies should evaluate the dose-response relationship and whether associations persist into adulthood. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

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“…PHV is an accepted indicator of somatic maturity and can be used to account for the range of variability in somatic maturity between individuals of the same chronological age [21]. We did not use Tanner staging of secondary sex characteristics as it more provides an indication of pubertal development (as opposed to somatic development), with substantial variability being observed in the timing of PHV across Tanner stages [22]. Also, Tanner staging is limited in its ability to subcategorize individuals who have completed sexual maturation because of its staging of all post-pubertal individuals in a single category (stage 5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive skeletal benefits of physical activity when young as assessed at the midshaft humerus in male baseball players

et al. 2017

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Purpose: The current study explored physical activity-induced bone adaptation at different stages of somatic maturity by comparing side-to-side differences in midshaft humerus properties between male throwing athletes and controls. Throwers present an internally controlled model, while inclusion of control subjects removes normal arm dominance influences. Methods: Throwing athletes (n=90) and controls (n=51) were categorized into maturity groups (PRE, PERI, POST-EARLY, POST-MID and POST-LATE) based on estimated years from peak height velocity (<−2, −2-to-2, 2-to-4, 4-to-10 and >10 years). Side-to-side percent differences in midshaft humerus cortical volumetric bone mineral density (Ct.vBMD) and bone mineral content (Ct.BMC), total (Tt.Ar), medullary (Me.Ar) and cortical (Ct.Ar) area, average cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and polar Strength Strain Index (SSIP) was assessed. Results: Significant interactions between physical activity and maturity on side-to-side differences in Ct.BMC, Tt.Ar, Ct.Ar, Me.Ar, Ct.Th and SSIP resulted from: 1) greater throwing-to-nonthrowing arm differences than dominant-to-nondominant arm differences in controls (all p<0.05), and; 2) throwing-to-nonthrowing arm differences in throwers being progressively greater across maturity groups (all p<0.05). Regional analyses revealed greatest adaptation in medial and lateral sectors, particularly in the three POST maturity groups. Years throwing predicted 59% of the variance of the variance in throwing-to-nonthrowing arm difference in SSIP (p<0.001). Conclusion: These data suggest physical activity has skeletal benefits beginning prior to and continuing beyond somatic maturation, and that a longer duration of exposure to physical activity has cumulative skeletal benefits. Thus, physical activity should be encouraged at the earliest age possible and be continued into early adulthood to optimize skeletal benefits.

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Relationship Between Timing of Peak Height Velocity and Pubertal Staging in Boys and Girls

Cited by 95 publications

References 9 publications

Sex ratio among childhood cancers by single year of age

Sex ratio among childhood cancers by single year of age

Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Bone Strength From Childhood to Early Adulthood: A Mixed Longitudinal HR-pQCT study

Progressive skeletal benefits of physical activity when young as assessed at the midshaft humerus in male baseball players

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