Relationship between the frequency of football practice during skeletal growth and the presence of a cam deformity in adult elite football players

Tak, Igor; Weir, Adam; Langhout, Rob; Waarsing, H.J.; Stubbe, Janine; Kerkhoffs, Gino M. M. J.; Agricola, Rintje

doi:10.1016/j.math.2016.05.219

Cited by 26 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…An examination of the training profiles of, and injuries suffered by, elite youth track and field athletes between the ages 13–17 years showed that injured athletes trained at a higher intensity at 13–14 years, completed more high-intensity training sessions at 13–14 years and 15–16 years, and had a higher yearly training load at 13–14 years 92. These observations are supported by others who noted that the capacity of adolescent athletes to adapt to the training stimulus and improve physical performance must be balanced with the risk of overuse injury or illness associated with high training loads and longer training durations 32 93…”

Section: Resistance Exercise Is Sports Medicinementioning

confidence: 74%

Citius, Altius, Fortius: beneficial effects of resistance training for young athletes: Narrative review

et al. 2015

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The motto of the Olympic Games is Citius, Altius, Fortius which is Latin for 'Faster, Higher, Stronger'. It is a clarion call to all competitors, including the youngest, to engage in training strategies that prepare athletes to be the best in the world. Existing research indicates that various forms of resistance training can elicit performance improvements in young athletes. Stronger young athletes will be better prepared to learn complex movements, master sport tactics, and sustain the demands of training and competition. An integrative training programme grounded in resistance training and motor skill development can optimise a young athlete's potential to maximise their athletic and sporting performance, while reducing the risk of a sports-related injury. Resistance training may be especially important for modern-day young athletes who are more likely to specialise in one sport at an early age at the expense of enhancing general physical fitness and learning diversified sport skills. Structured interventions that include qualified instruction; targeted movement practice; and strength and conditioning activities that are developmentally appropriate, progressive and technique driven are needed to attain a level of athleticism that is consistent with the Olympic motto.

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Section: Resistance Exercise Is Sports Medicinementioning

confidence: 74%

Citius, Altius, Fortius: beneficial effects of resistance training for young athletes: Narrative review

et al. 2015

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“…Of the included 49 participants, 42.9% played football at an amateur level, with lower intensity and training hours per week. This could have resulted in lower cam morphology prevalence 12,35 and might have influenced symptoms 40 . A possible limitation of the patient characteristics questionnaire is that it cannot be excluded that the question “Do you sometimes have pain in your hips?” also included patients with groin symptoms and made no distinction between long standing and acute hip and groin symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between cam morphology and hip and groin symptoms and signs in young male football players

Klij

Ginai

Heijboer

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Background Conflicting and limited high‐quality prospective data are available on the associations between cam morphology and hip and groin symptoms and range of motion (ROM). Objectives This cross‐sectional cohort study investigated associations between cam morphology presence, size and duration and symptoms and ROM. Methods Academy male football players (n = 49, 17‐24 years) were included. Standardized antero‐posterior pelvic and frog‐leg lateral radiographs were obtained at baseline, 2.5‐ and 5‐year follow‐up. The femoral head‐neck junction was quantified by: Visual score. Cam morphology (flattening or prominence), large cam (prominence). Alpha angle. Cam morphology (≥60°), large cam (≥78°). Cam morphology duration was defined as long (first present at baseline) or short (only from 2.5‐ to 5‐year follow‐up). Current symptoms at 5‐year follow‐up were assessed using a hip and groin pain question and by the “Hip and Groin Outcome Score” (HAGOS). HAGOS scores were categorized into: most symptoms (≥2 domains in lowest interquartile range [IQR]), least symptoms (≥2 domains in highest IQR). Hip ROM was measured by goniometry at 5‐year follow‐up. Results Large cam morphology based on visual score was associated with hip and groin pain (23.8% vs. 7.1%, OR: 3.17, CI: [1.15‐8.70], P = .026), but not with HAGOS scores. Cam morphology presence, size, and duration were associated with limited flexion of around 6° and/or 3° to 6° for internal rotation. Conclusion Cam morphology presence, size, and duration were associated with limited hip flexion and/or internal rotation, but differences might not exceed the minimal clinical important difference. Whether cam morphology results in symptoms is uncertain.

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“…[32][33][34][35] Prior FAIS studies have correlated alpha angle or severity of disease with training intensity, which suggests a mechanobiological etiology to FAI. 33,34,36,37 Siebenrock et al 34 performed a magnetic resonance imaging analysis of 37 adolescent male basketball players compared with 38 age-matched controls and found that the athletes had a 10-fold increase in the likelihood of having an alpha angle >55 . Furthermore, Haider et al 32 have recently investigated the biologic response to mechanical loading by comparing the biomechanical properties of cam deformity subchondral bone to the subchondral bone of healthy controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror Image Modeling of Acetabular Rim Thickness Differences in Patients With Unilateral Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome

Riff

Weber

Keating

et al. 2019

Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation

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Purpose: To use mirror imaging to identify the location and magnitude of difference in acetabular rim morphology between the symptomatic and unaffected acetabula in patients with symptomatic unilateral pincer-type or mixed femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) using 1-dimensional models created with computed tomography (CT). Methods: CT scans of bilateral hips in 33 patients diagnosed with unilateral pincer-type or mixed FAIS were obtained. Three-dimensional bilateral hip models were constructed, and the unaffected hemipelvis was superimposed onto the symptomatic side to compare acetabular thickness. Protrusion of the symptomatic side was recorded, and rim morphology was divided into clock face quadrants to analyze the location of greatest magnitude of difference between affected and unaffected acetabula. Analysis of the quadrants was performed using analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni correction. Results: The study group consisted of more females (51.6%) than males, with an average age of 35.72 AE 7.8 years and an average body mass index of 24.3 AE 4.1 kg/m 2 . Of the 33 hips included, 14 were isolated pincer-type FAIS and 19 were mixed. The average preoperative symptomatic side lateral center edge angle was 37.5 AE 7.2 compared with 29 AE 5.1 on the asymptomatic side (P ¼ .001). The symptomatic acetabular rim was on average 0.43 AE 0.18 mm thicker than the corresponding location on the unaffected rim. When the acetabulum was divided into clock face quadrants, the 12 to 3 o'clock position showed the greatest difference between symptomatic and unaffected sides (0.55 AE 0.18 mm) compared with the 3 to 6 o'clock position (0.4 AE 0.28 mm; P ¼ .006), 6 to 9 o'clock (0.34 AE 0.07 mm; P < .001), and 9 to 12 o'clock (0.38 AE 0.03; P ¼ .001). Conclusions: Patients with unilateral, symptomatic pincer-type or mixed FAIS show statistical differences in rim thickness between the affected and unaffected acetabula. Small changes in acetabular rim morphology on the order of 0.5 mm may be the difference between symptomatic FAIS and the unaffected hip. Level of Evidence: IV, case series.

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Relationship between the frequency of football practice during skeletal growth and the presence of a cam deformity in adult elite football players

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Citius, Altius, Fortius: beneficial effects of resistance training for young athletes: Narrative review

Citius, Altius, Fortius: beneficial effects of resistance training for young athletes: Narrative review

The relationship between cam morphology and hip and groin symptoms and signs in young male football players

Mirror Image Modeling of Acetabular Rim Thickness Differences in Patients With Unilateral Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome

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