Relationship between the Awareness of Salt Restriction and the Actual Salt Intake in Hypertensive Patients

Ohta, Yuko; Tsuchihashi, Takuya; Ueno, Makoto; Kajioka, Tomoko; Onaka, Uran; Tominaga, Mitsuhiro; Eto, Kojiro

doi:10.1291/hypres.27.243

Cited by 63 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, there was no significant association between urinary salt excretion and awareness of salt restriction at baseline (data not shown). This observation is compatible with previous findings by Ohta et al that there is no relationship between awareness of salt restriction and the actual salt intake evaluated by 24-h urine collection (18). Since subjective awareness of salt restriction may not necessarily be reflected in actual salt reduction, monitoring of salt excretion seems extremely important to educate the population about the health benefits of salt restriction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Self-monitoring urinary salt excretion in adults: A novel education program for restricting dietary salt intake

Yasutake

Sawano

Yamaguchi

et al. 2011

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. This study aimed to examine the usefulness of the self-monitoring of urinary salt excretion for educating individuals about the risk of excessive dietary salt intake. The subjects were 30 volunteers (15 men and 15 women) not consuming anti-hypertensive medication. The subjects measured urinary salt excretion at home for 4 weeks using a self-monitoring device. Blood pressure (BP), anthropometric variables and nutritional variables (by a dietary-habits questionnaire) were measured before and after the measurement of urinary salt excretion. Statistical analyses were performed, including paired t-tests, Chi-square test, Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. In all subjects, the average urinary salt excretion over 4 weeks was 8.05±1.61 g/day and the range (maximum-minimum value) was 5.58±2.15 g/day. Salt excretion decreased significantly in weeks 3 and 4 (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Diastolic BP decreased from 77.7±14.3 (at baseline) to 74.3±13.3 after 4 weeks (P<0.05), while systolic BP and anthropometric variables remained unchanged. Nutrition surveys indicated that energy intake was correlated with salt intake both before and after the measurements; changes in both variables during the observation period were correlated (r=0.40, P<0.05). The percentage of subjects who were aware of the restriction in dietary salt intake increased from 47 to 90%. In conclusion, daily monitoring of the amount of urinary salt excretion using a selfmonitoring device appears to be an effective educational tool for improving the quality of life of healthy adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Self-monitoring urinary salt excretion in adults: A novel education program for restricting dietary salt intake

Yasutake

Sawano

Yamaguchi

et al. 2011

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…On the other hand, salt intake has been reported to be high in the Japanese population (12). We have previously reported that an awareness of the importance of salt restriction is not associated with actual salt restriction in hypertensive outpatients (13). Since the average urinary salt excretion was 9.7±3.9 g/day in that study, achieving the level of salt restriction suggested by the guidelines would seem to be difficult in the Japanese population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…In the present study, however, urinary salt excretion at the last visit was significantly lower than that at the first visit. We have previously reported that there is no obvious reduction in the actual salt intake in saltconscious patients (13). Thus, repeated monitoring of urinary salt excretion, along with providing feedback to patients and follow-up counseling, seem to be the most important and practical way to achieve a reduction of salt intake in individual hypertensives (13,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Compliance with Salt Restriction in Japanese Hypertensive Patients

et al. 2005

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the long-term compliance with salt restriction in Japanese hypertensive patients. Subjects included 389 patients, 230 women and 159 men, mean age 58 ± 11 years, who underwent successful 24-h home urine collection more than three times over an interval of a year. Urinary salt, potassium, and creatinine were measured. Additionally, family history, habitual alcohol intake, smoking habit, physical activities, and job status were assessed by use of a questionnaire. During the follow-up period (average 3.5 years), participants underwent urine collection 4.6 times in average. Urinary salt excretion at the last visit was significantly lower than that at the first visit (8.7 ± 3.4 vs. 9.6 ± 4.1 g/day; p <0.01). Urinary potassium excretion also decreased significantly during this period (from 2.0 ± 0.7 to 1.9± 0.7 g/day; p <0.05). Among the mean 4.6 urine collections, 45.2% (men 34.6%, women 52.6%) of the patients successfully achieved <6 g (100 mmol of sodium)/day of salt excretion on at least one occasion. The rate of achievement of averaged urinary salt excretion <6 g/day dropped to 10.3% (men 4.4%, women 14.3%). Only 2.3% (men 0.6%, women 3.5%) of the patients achieved <6 g/day on all occasions. There were no significant differences in age, habitual alcohol intake, smoking habit, physical activities, or job status between patients who complied with the salt-restricted diet and those who did not. Results suggest that long-term compliance with salt restriction is poor in Japanese hypertensive patients. Since no specifically defining characteristics were found in the compliant patients, repeated measurements of urinary salt excre-

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“…10 In our previous survey on hypertensive outpatients, this reduction in salt intake was not achieved even in patients who are conscious about salt restriction. 11 Long-term compliance with salt restriction in hypertensive patients was also extremely low. 12 As it is difficult to change dietary habits in adults, education or intervention to reduce salt intake during childhood is very important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt intake in 3-year-old Japanese children

et al. 2011

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Salt restriction is widely recommended for the prevention and management of hypertension. It is very important to reduce salt intake during childhood. This survey was conducted to investigate salt intake in Japanese children. The study subjects, totalling 1424, comprised 3-year-old children who received health checkups conducted by a public health center. Using first-morning urine samples, urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium and creatinine were measured. Additionally, the participants' parents filled out a questionnaire regarding their children's dietary habits. Urinary sodium and potassium concentrations were 140 ± 67 and 67 ± 41 mmol l À1 , respectively. The estimated urinary sodium excretion values had a wide distribution, with a mean value of 75±47 mmol per day (4.4 g per day of salt). Sodium excretion exceeded 100 and 200 mmol per day in 336 (24%) and 32 (2.2%) subjects, respectively. Urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher in children who had older siblings than in firstborn children (78 ± 49 vs. 72 ± 45 mmol per day, Po0.05). The urinary sodium/potassium ratio was also higher in the former group (3.0±2.7 vs. 2.7±2.2, Po0.01). Sodium excretion tended to be higher in children who ate daily snacks than in those who did not (76±48 vs. 71±44 mmol per day, P¼0.07). In contrast, potassium excretion was significantly higher and the sodium/potassium ratio was lower in children who ate fruits daily than those who did not (39 ± 29 vs. 33 ± 23 mmol per day and 2.6 ± 2.0 vs. 3.2 ± 2.7, Po0.01, respectively). These results suggest that excess salt intake occurs in a significant number of 3-year-old Japanese children. The presence of older siblings and dietary habits of eating snacks or fruits influence their sodium and potassium intake.

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Relationship between the Awareness of Salt Restriction and the Actual Salt Intake in Hypertensive Patients

Cited by 63 publications

References 20 publications

Self-monitoring urinary salt excretion in adults: A novel education program for restricting dietary salt intake

Self-monitoring urinary salt excretion in adults: A novel education program for restricting dietary salt intake

Long-Term Compliance with Salt Restriction in Japanese Hypertensive Patients

Salt intake in 3-year-old Japanese children

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