Relationship between structure/properties of vapour deposited PEDOT and sensitivity to passive nitrate doping

Rudd, Sam; Desroches, Pauline E.; Switalska, Eliza; Gardner, E. R.; Dalton, Michael; Buss, Peter; Charrault, Eric; Evans, Drew

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.10.162

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The sensor platform surpasses the requirement of measuring NO

concentration below 44 ppm in drinking water by one order of magnitude. Compared to the previously reported work of NO

sensing using PEDOT [ 25 , 27 ], this research employed an optical sensing method rather than an electrochemical one. The current method shows reusability through the ability to “reset” the sensor and this characteristic can be subsequently used for calibration and real-time monitoring.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrodes typically respond to ions according to Hofmeister selectivity series [ 23 , 24 ]. Recently, the selective uptake of NO

from soil pore water has been demonstrated independent of the Hofmeister selectivity using a thin film coating of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) in an electrochemical process [ 25 ]. In a separate study, this conducting polymer material was deposited onto the end of an optical fibre as a step towards a new optical sensor [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The idea is to take advantage of the small fibre area of exposure and the uptake of NO

by PEDOT and monitor the difference in the back reflection in real-time. In contrast to existing NO

concentration sensing methods with PEDOT [ 25 , 27 ], the current approach does not rely on measuring the potential difference, but rather uses the optical back reflection as a sensing mechanism. Conducting polymers, and especially PEDOT, are well reported to undergo doping and de-doping by inserting and removing anions from within.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Fibre-Optic Platform for Sensing Nitrate Using Conducting Polymers

Shahnia

Ebendorff‐Heidepriem

Evans

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Monitoring nitrate ions is essential in agriculture, food industry, health sector and aquatic ecosystem. We show that a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), can be used for nitrate sensing through a process in which nitrate ion uptake leads to oxidation of PEDOT and change of its optical properties. In this study, a new platform is developed in which a single-mode fibre coated at the tip with PEDOT is used for nitrate sensing. A crucial step towards this goal is introduction of carbonate exposure to chemically reduced PEDOT to a baseline value. The proposed platform exhibits the change in optical behaviour of the PEDOT layer at the tip of the fibre as it undergoes chemical oxidation and reduction (redox). The change in optical properties due to redox switching varies with the intensity of light back reflected by the fibre coated with PEDOT. The proposed platform during oxidation demonstrates linear response for the uptake of nitrate ions in concentrations ranging between 0.2 and 40 parts per million (ppm), with a regression coefficient R2=0.97 and a detection limit of 6.7 ppm. The procedure for redox switching is repeatable as the back reflection light intensity reaches ±1.5% of the initial value after reduction.

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“…The sensor platform surpasses the requirement of measuring NO

concentration below 44 ppm in drinking water by one order of magnitude. Compared to the previously reported work of NO

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrodes typically respond to ions according to Hofmeister selectivity series [ 23 , 24 ]. Recently, the selective uptake of NO

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The idea is to take advantage of the small fibre area of exposure and the uptake of NO

by PEDOT and monitor the difference in the back reflection in real-time. In contrast to existing NO

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Fibre-Optic Platform for Sensing Nitrate Using Conducting Polymers

Shahnia

Ebendorff‐Heidepriem

Evans

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…The fabrication of the PEDOT:TOS by vapor phase polymerization (VPP) was the same as previously published work 43 . First, oxidant solution was prepared containing: 257 mM Fe(III) TOS (H. C. Starck as a 54 wt% solution in butanol ‐Baytron CB 40) and 58 mM triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol−propylene glycol−ethylene glycol) (PEG‐PPG‐PEG, Mw = 5800 g mol −1 , Sigma‐Aldrich) in a 2.6:1 vol/vol mixture of ethanol to butanol as the solvent carrier.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical stability ofPEDOTfor wearableon‐skinapplication

Mokhtar

Eulate

Sethumadhavan

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Conducting polymers are promising candidates for wearable devices due to mechanical flexibility combined with electroactivity. While electrochemical measurements have been adopted as a central transduction method in many on‐skin sensors, less studied is the stability of the active materials (in particular poly3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene, PEDOT) in such systems, particularly for “on‐skin” applications. In this study, several different variants of doped PEDOT are fabricated and characterized in terms of their (electrical, physical, and chemical) stability in biological fluid. PEDOT doped with tosylate (TOS) or polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) are selected as prototypical forms of conducting polymers. These are compared with a new variant of PEDOT co‐doped with both TOS and PSS. Artificial interstitial fluid (aISF) loaded with 1% wt/vol bovine serum albumin is adopted as the testing medium to demonstrate the stability in dermal applications (i.e., conducting polymer microneedles or coatings on microneedles). A range of techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to qualify and quantify the stability of the doped conducting polymers. Furthermore, this study is extended by using human skin lysate in the aISF to demonstrate proof‐of‐concept for stable use of PEDOT in wearable “on‐skin” electronics.

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“…In more recent studies Rudd et al reported the structure-property-performance of vapor phase polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for sensing nitrate ions [107]. In order to understand this mechanism, poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) samples were prepared by changing several aspects of the oxidant solution (concentration of oxidant, solvent used, and additives employed).…”

Section: Ion Sensing In Conducting Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in ion sensing with conducting polymers

Sethumadhavan

Rudd

Switalska

et al. 2019

BMC Mat

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Ions are present throughout our environment-from biological systems to agriculture and beyond. Many important processes and mechanisms are driven by their presence and their relative concentration. In order to study, understand and/or control these, it is important to know what ions are present and in what concentration-highlighting the importance of ion sensing. Materials that show specific ion interaction with a commensurate change in measurable properties are the key components of ion sensing. One such type are conducting polymers. Conducting polymers are referred to as 'active' because they show observable changes in their electrical and optical (and other) properties in response to changing levels of doping with ions. For example, p-type conducting polymers such as poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) and polypyrrole, can transition from semi-conducting to metallic in response to increasing levels of anions inserted into their structure. Under certain circumstances, conducting polymers also interact with cations-showing their utility in sensing. Herein, recent advances in conducting polymers will be reviewed in the context of sensing ions. The main scope of this review is to critically evaluate our current understanding of ion interactions with conducting polymers and explore how these novel materials can contribute to improving our ion-sensing capabilities.

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Relationship between structure/properties of vapour deposited PEDOT and sensitivity to passive nitrate doping

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

A Fibre-Optic Platform for Sensing Nitrate Using Conducting Polymers

A Fibre-Optic Platform for Sensing Nitrate Using Conducting Polymers

Electrochemical stability ofPEDOTfor wearableon‐skinapplication

Recent advances in ion sensing with conducting polymers

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