Relationship between snake size and clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects of Bothrops atrox snakebites in the Western Brazilian Amazon

Review of the Mechanisms of Snake Venom Induced Pain: It’s All about Location, Location, Location

“…Acute headache can be experienced to a variable extent (11.6-100%) after snake bite on a distant body part, making this a remote form of venom-mediated pain [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In these cases, descriptions of the headache are lacking in detail, varying from simply noting headache without further comment or mentioning it as intense or focal (e.g., frontal headache) [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. As a rule, with or without antivenom therapy, the acute headaches seem to resolve and generally are not the most remarkable issue facing envenomed patients [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…In these cases, descriptions of the headache are lacking in detail, varying from simply noting headache without further comment or mentioning it as intense or focal (e.g., frontal headache) [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. As a rule, with or without antivenom therapy, the acute headaches seem to resolve and generally are not the most remarkable issue facing envenomed patients [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. On the other hand, the typical acute headache associated with envenomation does not persist after administration of antivenom [6,8,12,13], which strongly suggests that one or more of the aforementioned enzymes which would be inactivated by antivenom are responsible for the headache.…”

“…The differences in the proteomes of venoms found in spitting cobras in Africa and Asia serve as an example [28]. As for examples of differences in pain syndromes based on geographical location, references to venom associated acute headache were readily found in Africa, Australia, Europe, and South America [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], but not elsewhere. Chest pain that is ischemic is observed in North America [29] and Asia [27,31,32] via thrombosis or via an allergic coronary compromise in Europe [30]; however, chest pain in Southeast Asia is not ischemic [33].…”

“…However, in the maelstrom of this event, the cause and nature of the painful experience associated with envenomation may be as varied as the biochemical and proteomic composition of the venom [1][2][3] to which the bitten are exposed. Acute local pain [4,5] can spread systemically, experienced as headache [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], eye pain [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], chest pain [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], focal back pain [34,35], abdominal pain [5,33,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46...…”

A First Look at the Inhibitory Potential of Urospatha sagittifolia (Araceae) Ethanolic Extract for Bothrops atrox Snakebite Envenomation

“…The common lancehead pitviper, Bothrops atrox (Viperidae: Serpentes), plays a leading role on human envenomation in this region, being responsible for 70% of the cases registered annually [ 3 ]. The predominant clinical manifestations such as hemostatic disturbances and damaging tissue in these events are closely related to the proteomic composition of venom, which has a prevalence of phospholipase A 2 , metalloproteases and serinproteases [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. The treatment of ophidian accidents is still dependent on a single centenary treatment based on animal heterologous immunoglobulins [ 7 ].…”