Relationship Between Smoking and Bleeding on Probing

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess and compare bone loss (BL) around the dental implant platform as well as the presence of bacterial plaque (PBP), bleeding on probing (BOP), and periodontal probing depths (PD) of teeth and dental implants of smokers and nonsmokers. Three hundred forty-seven teeth and 98 implants of 20 randomly selected patients were assessed (12 smokers and 8 nonsmokers). The specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the site probed. Group 1 included smoker implant sites, group 2 included smoker tooth sites, group 3 included nonsmoker implant sites, and group 4 included nonsmoker tooth sites. The presence/absence of visible bacterial plaque, presence/absence of BOP, PD ≤ 3 mm or >3 mm, and BL around the dental implant platform were the data assessed. The PBP and BL showed statistical significance between smokers and nonsmokers. Bleeding on probing and PD ≤ 3 mm showed statistical significance between groups 1, 3, and 4. Comparing sites with BOP and PD > 3 mm, there was no statistical significance except for group 1, which did not present sites with these characteristics. Comparing sites with BOP and PD ≤ 3 mm, there was statistical significance between group 2 and groups 3 and 4. When comparing the prevalence of sites without BOP and PD > 3 mm, there was statistical significance between groups 1, 3, and 4. Smoking promotes a greater BL around the dental implant platform and results in vasoconstriction of the peri-implant and periodontal tissues.

Proinflammatory cytokine levels and peri‐implant parameters among cigarette smokers, individuals vaping electronic cigarettes, and non‐smokers

“…27 It is suggested that nicotine exerts vasoconstriction on gingival blood vessels, which in turn reduces gingival bleeding in smokers compared with individuals who do not smoke. 28,29 The present results clearly indicate why cigarette smokers and vaping individuals showed fewer percentage sites with BOP as compared with NS.…”

Longitudinal assessment of clinical and radiographic periimplant status around narrow and regular diameter implants placed in cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers

“…However, CS remain unaware of the continuous oral tissue inflammatory changes as they present less bleeding signs in gingival tissues compared with NS. This is due to the nicotine that exerts vasoconstriction on gingival blood flow, which in turn reduces gingival bleeding in smokers compared with individuals who do not smoke . Furthermore, recent data suggest that irrespective of the smoking status, increased mean BOP in supportive periodontal therapy patients relates to disease severity and periodontal instability, while smokers demonstrate lower mean BOP concomitantly with an increased prevalence of residual PDs .…”

Effects of Smoking on Periimplant Health Status and IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE2 Levels in Periimplant Crevicular Fluid

“…Studies showed a significant increase in periimplant marginal bone loss in smokers compared with nonsmokers. 24,31-33 de Souza et al 34 reported that causative mechanism of the connection between smoking and periimplant bone loss was vasoconstriction of the periimplant tissue. In the previous studies, patients were pooled irrespective of their periodontal/periimplant health or oral hygiene status and all types of patients (healthy, with periimplant mucositis, and periimplantitis) were included.…”