“…Studies in a murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have shown that infection with the helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica attenuated symptoms of EAE through TGF-b-mediated suppression of Th1 and Th17 responses (Walsh et al, 2009). The bacteria Staphyloccus aureus is also capable of suppressing EAE through an extracellular adherence protein, which has anti-inflammatory effects by binding to ICAM-1 and preventing the infiltration of myelin specific T cells across the blood brain barrier into the CNS (Waubant et al, 2001 Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough which, despite high vaccine coverage, is a re-emerging infectious disease that affects a high proportion of adults as well as children (Cherry, 2014). Infection with B. pertussis is persistent even in an immunocompetent host, with the bacteria taking weeks or months to be cleared through a combination of innate and adaptive immune responses, the latter involving IFN-c-secreting Th1 cells and IL-17-producing Th17 cells (Higgs et al, 2012).…”