Relationship between retinal artery trajectory and axial length in Japanese school students

Yamashita, Takehiro; Terasaki, Hiroto; Yoshihara, Naoya; Kii, Yuya; Uchino, Eisuke; Sakamoto, Taiji

doi:10.1007/s10384-018-0572-y

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In addition, the retinal arterial trajectory measured as the retinal artery angle has been shown to have significant association with thinner RNFL and several studies have reported wider retinal artery trajectories to be associated with RNFL defects …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of retinal vascular trajectory in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Appaji

Nagendra

Chako

et al. 2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Aim: Evidence suggests microvascular dysfunction (wider retinal venules and narrower arterioles) in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). The vascular development is synchronous with neuronal development in the retina and brain. The retinal vessel trajectory is related to retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and cerebrovascular abnormalities in SCZ and BD and has not yet been examined. Hence, in this study we examined the retinal vascular trajectory in SCZ and BD in comparison with healthy volunteers (HV).Methods: Retinal images were acquired from 100 HV, SCZ patients, and BD patients, respectively, with a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Images were quantified to obtain the retinal arterial and venous trajectories using a validated, semiautomated algorithm. Analysis of covariance and regression analyses were conducted to examine group differences. A supervised machine-learning ensemble of bagged-trees method was used for automated classification of trajectory values.Results: There was a significant difference among groups in both the retinal venous trajectory (HV: 0.17 AE 0.08; SCZ: 0.25 AE 0.17; BD: 0.27 AE 0.20; P < 0.001) and the arterial trajectory (HV: 0.34 AE 0.15; SCZ: 0.29 AE 0.10; BD: 0.29 AE 0.11; P = 0.003) even after adjusting for age and sex (P < 0.001). On post-hoc analysis, the SCZ and BD groups differed from the HV on retinal venous and arterial trajectories, but there was no difference between SCZ and BD patients. The machine learning showed an accuracy of 86% and 73% for classifying HV versus SCZ and BD, respectively.Conclusion: Smaller trajectories of retinal arteries indicate wider and flatter curves in SCZ and BD. Considering the relation between retinal/cerebral vasculatures and retinal nerve fiber layer thinness, the retinal vascular trajectory is a potential marker for SCZ and BD. As a relatively affordable investigation, retinal fundus photography should be further explored in SCZ and BD as a potential screening measure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of retinal vascular trajectory in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Appaji

Nagendra

Chako

et al. 2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…The curvature of the RA trajectory was quantified by fitting it to a second-degree polynomial equation as described in detail elsewhere. [18][19][20] The RA and the center of the optic discs were identified in the CFPs. The fovea-to-disc axis in the CFPs was rotated to a vertical position.…”

Section: Measurement Of Retinal Artery Trajectorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We began this project to determine whether we can approach the conclusion of AI using only known parameters with a theme to distinguish the sex from ocular CFPs. Thus far, there have been numerous studies using various parameters of the ocular function and biometry, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and the parameters used in this study were derived from them. If these factors are useful for distinguishing the sex, we may be able to understand the conclusions by Poplin et al 5 We found that a combination of known clinical parameters in the CFPs are useful in identifying the sex of the individual whose CFPs were being analyzed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors in Color Fundus Photographs That Can Be Used by Humans to Determine Sex of Individuals

Yamashita

Asaoka

Terasaki

et al. 2020

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) can identify the sex of an individual from color fundus photographs (CFPs). However, the mechanism(s) involved in this identification has not been determined. This study was conducted to determine the information in CFPs that can be used to determine the sex of an individual. Methods:Prospective observational cross-sectional study of 112 eyes of 112 healthy volunteers. The following characteristics of CFPs were analyzed: the color of peripapillary area expressed by the mean values of red, green, and blue intensities, and the tessellation expressed by the tessellation fundus index (TFI). The optic disc ovality ratio, papillomacular angle, retinal artery trajectory, and retinal vessel angles were also quantified. Their differences between the sexes were assessed by Mann-Whitney U tests. Regularized binomial logistic regression was used to select the decisive factors. In addition, its discriminative performance was evaluated through the leave-one-out cross validation. Results:The mean age of 76 men and 36 women was 25.8 years. The regularized binomial logistic regression delivered the optimal model for sex selected variables of peripapillary temporal green and blue intensities, temporal TFI, supratemporal TFI, optic disc ovality ratio, artery trajectory, and supratemporal retinal artery angle. With this approach, the discrimination accuracy rate was 77.9%. Conclusions:Human-assessed characteristics of CFPs are useful in investigating the new theme proposed by AI, the sex of an individual.Translational Relevance: This is the first report to approach the thinking process of AI by humans and can be a new approach to medical AI research.

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“…The curvature of the RA trajectory was quantified by fitting to the second-degree polynomial equation using CFP images [20][21][22]. More specifically, (1) the fovea-to-disc axis in the CFP image was rotated to a vertical position; (2) at least 20 points were marked on each of the ST and IT RAs, and the "x" and "y" coordinates of each mark were then determined automatically using the ImageJ program, (3) then, the "x" and "y" coordinates in the CFP images were converted into a new set of coordinates, x and y, with the center of the disc as the origin, and (4) finally, the converted coordinate data were fit to the second-degree polynomial equation, a + bx + cx 2 /100, using the curve fitting program of the ImageJ software.…”

Section: Measurement Of Ra Trajectorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We recently constructed a model to discriminate sex from the clinical parameters of CFP known by humans, such as angle or trajectory of retinal vessels [18][19][20][21][22][23], location and shape of the optic disc [24,25], and color intensity in the peripapillary area [26][27][28][29][30][31][32], albeit using the binomial regression with L2 regularization (Ridge regression) [33,34], in adults [35]. As a result, this allowed us to partially, at least, reproduce sex discrimination by deep learning with an AUC value of 77.9%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex judgment using color fundus parameters in elementary school students

Noma

Yamashita

Asaoka

et al. 2020

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Purposes Recently, artificial intelligence has been used to determine sex using fundus photographs alone. We had earlier reported that sex can be distinguished using known factors obtained from color fundus photography (CFP) in adult eyes. However, it is not clear when the sex difference in fundus parameters begins. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate sex determination based on fundus parameters using binominal logistic regression in elementary school students. Methods This prospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 right eyes of elementary school students (aged 8 or 9 years, 59 boys and 60 girls). Through CFP, the tessellation fundus index was calculated as R/(R + G + B) using the mean value of red-green-blue intensity in the eight locations around the optic disc. Optic disc ovality ratio, papillomacular angle, retinal artery trajectory, and retinal vessel were quantified based on our earlier reports. Regularized binomial logistic regression was applied to these variables to select the decisive factors. Furthermore, its discriminative performance was evaluated using the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Sex difference in the parameters was assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results The optimal model yielded by the Ridge binomial logistic regression suggested that the ovality ratio of girls was significantly smaller, whereas their nasal green and blue intensities were significantly higher, than those of boys. Using this approach, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 63.2%. Conclusions Although sex can be distinguished using CFP even in elementary school students, the discrimination accuracy was relatively low. Some sex difference in the ocular fundus may begin after the age of 10 years.

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Relationship between retinal artery trajectory and axial length in Japanese school students

Abstract: Junior high school students have a longer AL and narrower RA trajectory than do elementary school students. A longer AL is associated with a narrower RA trajectory in both elementary and junior high school students.

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Examination of retinal vascular trajectory in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Examination of retinal vascular trajectory in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Factors in Color Fundus Photographs That Can Be Used by Humans to Determine Sex of Individuals

Sex judgment using color fundus parameters in elementary school students

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