Relationship between renal and liver function with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a study based on cross-sectional data

Abstract

This study aims to explore the relationship between abnormal renal- and liver-function and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 994 T2DM patients who received inpatient treatment in the Endocrinology Department of Henan Province People’s Hospital were included in the study. Logistic regression was performed to identify the relationship between abnormal renal and liver function with DR. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was performed to explore the efficacy of risk factors in predicting DR. Higher urine albumin [OR(95%CI) = 3.344(1.921–5.822), P < 0.001] and urine albumin/creatinine ratio [OR (95%CI) = 2.901(1.911–5.822), P < 0.001] were closely related to the occurrence of DR. People with low TP had a 1.624-times higher risk (95%CI: 1.008–2.617) of developing DR than those with normal total protein (P = 0.046). The more risk factors that are present, the greater the risk of DR. For every one-point incremental increase in the risk-factor score, the risk of DR increased by 31.0% (P < 0.001). The area under receiver operating curve of risk-factor score was 0.839 (0.812, 0.866), with a sensitivity of 81.9% and a specificity of 74.8%. The risk of developing DR increased with an increased risk-factor score. These findings are potentially valuable for DR screening and early diagnosis in patients with T2DM.

Presence of concurrent derangements of liver function tests in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective observational study.

“…13 Bora et al also reported that ALP was frequently deranged in male and ALT in female diabetic patients. 1,14,15 Mean level of liver function tests was compared between controls and patients and it was found that ALT was significantly higher in diabetic patients while ALP and total bilirubin was not significantly different between two groups. A study from Ethiopia has reported that ALT and AST are significantly higher in diabetic patients.…”

Insights into the liver-eyes connections, from epidemiological, mechanical studies to clinical translation

“…Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a very common and blinding complication of diabetes mellitus affecting more than 100 million individuals worldwide, which is accompanied by dyslipidemia normally [ 24 , 25 ]. A cross-sectional research has validated that, for patients with type II diabetic mellitus (T2DM), those having a higher cholinesterase (CHE) level (> 10,500 U/L) are at a lower OR of DR at 0.498, while those with a lower total proteins level (< 60 g/L) have a higher OR at 1.624 [ 26 ]. Another 10-year prospective cohort study further indicates that plasma ApoA-I level (≥ 7.4 μmol/L) is correlated with a decreased hazard ratio (HR) of DR at 0.86, while serum ApoC-III (≥ 6.3 μmol/L) and ApoE levels (≥ 1.1 μmol/L) are correlated with a higher HR at about 1.2 [ 24 ].…”

Decreased Alu methylation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients increases HbA1c levels

“…Currently, an estimated 537 million people are at an increased risk of type 2 DM, and this number is expected to increase to 592 million by 2035 and reach 783 million by 2045 1,2 . Type 2 DM patients can develop various complications, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, foot ulcers, chronic kidney failure, and diabetic retinopathy, 3–10 making it one of the world's most critical health concerns 11,12 . Type 2 DM is a multifactorial condition characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), 13–15 which are influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors 16–19 .…”