Relationship between refraction and allergic conjunctivitis

Mimura, Tatsuya; Mimura, Yoshihiro; Arimoto, Akira; Amano, Shiro; Yamagami, Satoru; Funatsu, Hideharu; Usui, Tomohiro; Noma, Hidetaka; Honda, Nobumitsu; Okamoto, Shigeki

doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702999

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…AC was significantly more prevalent in the younger age groups, showing a prevalence of 38.4% in those aged 0−16 years and least in the age group above 50 years (4.9%). This is similar to findings in previous studies that noted AC as one of the most frequent paediatric presentation to most out-patient eye units in Africa and countries with hot climates 121314151920212324252627. AC is shown to affect children from about age three and usually gets resolved by puberty.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Allergic conjunctivitis in Jos-Nigeria

Malu

2014

Niger Med J

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Background:Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) may follow seasonal or perennial pattern. There are climatic and racial risk factors involved in some types of AC. It is more prevalent in warm climatic conditions and among Afro-Caribbeans, Arabs and Asians and less among the White populations. Clinical presentations also seem to follow climatic and genetic predisposition. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of AC and its clinical presentations in a hospital setting in this region in people of all ages.Materials and Methods:This is a hospital-based retrospective study of new patients seen at Adoose Specialist Hospital, Jos the capital city of Plateau State in North Central Nigeria with clinical diagnosis of AC from 2000 to 2009.Results:There were 972 subjects, 474 (48.8%) males and 498 (51.2%) females with M:F ratio of 1:1.05. The most common symptom was itching followed by redness, pains, watery/mucoid discharge, sticky eyes, puffy eyes and photophobia. The presence of papillae in the upper tarsal or lower conjunctiva, a discrete or confluent gelatinous hypertrophy of the limbal conjunctiva (Trantas dots), hyperpigmentation, hyperemia/chemosis of the conjunctiva were the common signs. AC was more prevalent in those aged 1−16 years 38.4% decreasing to 4.9% in the age group above 50 years. The presentation followed perennial pattern, with a peak around July. The most prevalent ocular comorbid condition was refractive error (distant RE and presbyopia) in 15.4%, followed by pterygium/pinguecula 3.6%, bacterial conjunctivitis in 2.2%, glaucoma 2.1% and eyelid disorders 1.7%. Cataract was present in 1.3%, and keratopathy 1.1%. Other conditions such as episcleritis, dry eye, vitamin A deficiency and posterior segment disease were also present in decreasing order. Systemic association were few with generalised body atopy in 0.3%.Conclusion:The prevalence of AC was 32% and is similar to what pertains in some of the African hospital studies, but differs in presentation from the Caucasians.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The most prevalent ocular comorbid condition was refractive error in 15.4%. Mimura et al .,26 found 22.1% patients with AC had RE and postulated that RE could be a risk factor for AC. Wade et al ., also found RE to be the most common associated ocular morbidity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Allergic conjunctivitis in Jos-Nigeria

Malu

2014

Niger Med J

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“…In a fascinating study from Japan, Mimura and colleagues [21] have demonstrated that patients with SAC are more myopic than healthy individuals. Myopic eyes have a longer axial eye length and wider palpebral fissures and this may allow more conjunctival allergen exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular allergy in the Asia Pacific region

Katelaris

2011

Asia Pacific Allergy

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Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) represents a spectrum of disorders, comprising seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Of these ocular allergy types, SAC and PAC are the most common.The most striking difference within this group of ocular diseases is that SAC and PAC remain self-limited without ocular surface damage, while AKC and VKC can compromise the cornea, causing ulcers and scarring and can ultimately lead to vision loss. Data on AC in the Asia Pacific is scarce however some understanding of prevalence of the condition has been obtained from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) studies and more recently from the Allergies in Asia Pacific study as well as some information from individual country surveys. Unfortunately none of this data has been collected using validated survey instruments specifically designed for AC. Surveys such as ISAAC have been predominantly concerned with respiratory allergic symptoms with questions added that incorporate some ocular symptoms. These questionnaires do not detect individuals who may have AC in the absence of allergic rhinitis. Using hospital ophthalmology outpatient populations for prevalence studies of ocular allergy immediately introduces a bias towards the more severe, complex forms of the condition as patients with the milder forms of SAR and PAR will rarely present to a hospital outpatient clinic. There is a real need for the development of validated questionnaires specifically addressing ocular allergy. There are no widely accessible studies examining prevalence of the complex forms of ocular allergy (AKC, VKC) in Asia Pacific region. This review will provide an overview of ocular allergy, its classification, clinical presentation and differential diagnosis, and will also discuss what is known about the epidemiology of ocular allergy in the Asian Pacific region.

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“…The association of refractive errors, such as those occurring in keratoconus with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, is also known 2,5–7 . Furthermore, we previously reported that refractive errors are a risk factor for allergic conjunctivitis 8 . Allergens can cause various symptoms, among which allergic conjunctivitis is the commonest manifestation 9–10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%