Relationship between rain composition in Spain and its sources

Abstract

Factor analysis is used to evaluate relationships among inorganic ions to provide a qualitative determination of the kind of ion sources Spanish wet deposition. This procedure identifies four factors: sea, soil, aerosol, and industrial. The factor that reproduces a larger fraction of the variance is the soil or soil/aerosol and the factor reproducing a lower fraction of the variance is the industrial. The conditional probability function (CPF) [Ashbaugh e! al., 1985] is used to identify possible sources for each ion, in geographical terms. The Mediterranean region is the most important source of inorganic ions and the British Isles the single source, although intermediate, of acid rain. 1. binations of ions, which can then be used to assess sources [Sievering, 1987; Zeng and Hopke, 1989]. Crawley and Sievering [1986] used factor analysis to establish relationships among ion concentrations in the MAP3S/RAINE USA precipitation network. This technique has also been used by Post et al. [1991] and Bridgman [1992] to establish qualitative relationships among ion concentrations in wet deposition in SE Australia, by Ayers and Manton [1991] for the same use at BAPMON regional stations in Australia, and by Kessler et al. [1992] to assess the sources of different wet deposition components in Texas (United States).In this paper, factor analysis is used to establish qualitative relationship among inorganic ion concentrations in Spanish wet deposition and to establish emission sources that contribute to wet deposition composition.Factor analysis may show the nature of the source but not find its location. To achieve that, it is necessary to introduce meteorological information. This has been made, for example, by Raynor and Hayes [1982] or Singh et al. [1987]. It has been shown [Miller et al., 1978; Asman et al., 1981] that air mass trajectories at the synoptic scale account for major variations

Trace metals solubility in rainwater: evaluation of rainwater quality at a watershed area, Istanbul

“…As seen from Table 2, there are significant differences between arithmetic mean and geometric mean values with high standard deviations for most of the measured parameters. This is reported frequently by researchers such as Plaisance et al (1996) and Hernandez et al (1996). Fluctuations of measured concentrations in a limited period can cause high standard deviations.…”

Sources of SO2, SO4 2-, NOx, and NO3- in the Air of Four Spanish Remote Stations

“…To value quantitatively the CPF meaning, we consider the criteria used in other studies. 3,16 These criteria are CPF values from 0.0 to …”

“…4 The functions most widely used have been the conditional probability functions (CPFs) and the source contribution functions (SCFs). 1 These functions have been used in Spain for different purposes; Gimeno et al [14][15] and Hernández et al 16 for the study of the sources of wet deposition major ions, Hernández et al 17 and Rúa 18 for sources of SO 2 in European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) stations, and Gimeno et al 19 for the study of the sources of surface ozone in Spain.…”

Time Trends and Seasonal Variation of the Rainwater Chemical Composition in Spain

“…The main sources of pollutants for Spanish EMEP stations and the characteristics of acid wet deposition in Spain have also been documented. [12][13][14][15] All data were corrected for ocean influences according to the procedures of Keen and Galloway 16 to give more importance to its anthropogenic contribution than its natural one. Na + was used to represent sea salt in a method similar to that used by Bridgman.…”