Relationship between potassium administration, hyperkalaemia and the electrocardiogram: An experimental study

Epstein, V.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01978.x

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, a knowledge of the extent of the changes in potassium was considered important with respect to suggestions that high plasma potassium concentrations lead to electrocardiographic T wave abnormalities and poor performance (Williamson 1974). In addition, experimentally induced hyperkalaemia has been shown to affect the equine electrocardiogram (Epstein 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes

Harris

Snow

1988

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary To study the effect of short term high intensity exercise on plasma lactate, potassium, sodium and chloride concentrations, five Thoroughbred horses were galloped on a treadmill at a 5° incline. Following a standardised warm‐up period, they were galloped at 8, 10, or 12 metres/sec for 2 mins. One horse also galloped at 14 metres/sec for 1.5 mins. Sequential arterial and/or venous blood samples were collected during exercise and recovery. At 12 metres/sec, the effect of different recovery modes, ie, standing, walking or trotting, on the electrolytes was also examined. There was a progressive rise in plasma potassium concentration during galloping, with peak values occurring at the end of the exercise bout. In some cases, values above 10 mmol/litre were recorded at the highest workloads. Plasma lactate concentrations peaked during early recovery, with values up to 32 mmol/litre. A high correlation existed between peak potassium and lactate concentrations (venous r=0.923, and arterial r=0.989). Following exercise there was a rapid return to baseline plasma potassium concentrations, but by 12 mins recovery there was still an elevated lactate concentration, the extent depending on the intensity of the exercise bout and the recovery mode. There was a small rise in plasma sodium but no significant change in plasma chloride concentrations during exercise. However, when adjusted for the decrease in plasma volume, as determined from total plasma protein concentration, there was a decrease in circulating amounts of both electrolytes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes

Harris

Snow

1988

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Estimates of ECFV in horses range from 0.219 to 0.288 L/kg. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Critical illness, such as acute colitis, and acute sweat loss in exercising horses can cause dramatic decreases in ECFV. Expansion of this fluid compartment also may occur in disease states, such as heart failure and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,14 Thiocyanate has been the most commonly used marker for ECFV in horses. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] However, thiocyanate can penetrate cells rapidly and bind to plasma proteins. 15,16 Failure to account for these physiologic properties may result in an overestimation of the ECFV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Utility of Sodium Bromide (NaBr) as an Estimator of Extracellular Fluid Volume in Horses

Fielding¹,

Magdesian²,

Elliott³

et al. 2003

J Vet Int Med

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The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of bromide in horses and to evaluate the corrected bromide space as an indicator of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) in horses after the administration of a single dose of bromide by intravenous infusion. Sodium bromide (30 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered to 6 clinically healthy mares over a period of 3 minutes. Blood samples were collected before infusion and at intervals between 0.5 hours and 53 days after infusion. Mean elimination half-life (harmonic mean) was 126 hours (5.2 days), clearance was 1.4 +/- 0.09 mL/(kg x h), area under the curve was 17,520 +/- 1,100 microg x h/mL. and volume of distribution (steady state) was 0.255 +/- 0.015 L/kg. The mean corrected bromide space was determined from the volume of distribution (steady state) and the serum concentrations of bromide at equilibration. Corrected bromide space, an estimate of ECFV, was 0.218 +/- 0.01 L/kg. The conclusion was made that ECFV of horses can be estimated by measuring bromide concentrations in a preinfusion serum sample and a sample obtained 5 hours after the administration of bromide.

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“…Only Hb, Ht, and plasma lactate were clearly increased after exercise. The variables, however, that influence the ECG, namely K+ and Catot (7,11,12,30), did not change significantly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…So, in healthy horses, the workload should provoke heart rates around the anaerobic threshold (29). Estimation of blood variables is important to evaluate the workload of the test (21,25,29) and to correlate ECG abnormalities with abnormalities in the blood variables (7,11,12,26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computerized ECG recording in horses during a standardized exercise test

Scheffer

Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan

1996

Veterinary Quarterly

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SUMMARYIn the horse, it is important to make a reliable ECG recording during exercise as cardiac arrhythmia is one of the possible causes of poor performance. The purpose of the present study was to obtain a satisfactory, standardized method for ECG recording by computer during a standardized treadmill exercise test and to evaluate the procedure both in healthy and in diseased horses. Ten experienced healthy research horses were used to develop and adapt the original method (for humans) of computerized ECG recording with the Cardio Perfect® software program and to obtain reference values for heart rate and blood variables. Further, three diseased horses (patients) were examined to evaluate whether the test procedures were also usable for horses without extensive experience in treadmill and other experimental procedures.During a standardized exercise test on a treadmill at walk (1.7 m/s), trot (4.0 m/s), and canter (7.0 m/s at 0% and 4% treadmill inclination), the ECG was recorded using two bipolar leads (from xiphoid to manubrium respectively to the left withers) and one unipolar lead (on the left ventral thorax). The quality of the exercise ECGs was satisfactory. The heart rate was detectable and arrhythmias were identifiable. Most research horses did not show arrhythmias during exercise, except a single atrial premature complex (APC). The reference values for the mean heart rate for the different stages of the exercise test differed from 84 ± 7 to 176 ± 21 beats per minute (bpm). The exercise test provoked in healthy horses a plasma lactate concentration around the anaerobic threshold. Most patients were also able to finish the test. In conclusion, the developed method to obtain .an exercise ECG during a standardized exercise test proved to be reliable and applicable both in research horses and in patients, thus extending the possibilities to diagnose arrhythmias.

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Relationship between potassium administration, hyperkalaemia and the electrocardiogram: An experimental study

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes

The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes

Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Utility of Sodium Bromide (NaBr) as an Estimator of Extracellular Fluid Volume in Horses

Computerized ECG recording in horses during a standardized exercise test

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