Relationship between post-awakening salivary cortisol and melatonin secretion in healthy participants

Ramachandran, Natasha; Thorn, Lisa; Eardley, Alison F.; Evans, Philip D.; Clow, Angela

doi:10.3109/10253890.2016.1146671

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Consequently, the question of how to deal with data derived from saliva samples of known timing which are termed inaccurate in so far as they have not been collected when the researcher asked them to be collected becomes imperative. In the past it has been recommended (Stalder et al, 2016) and practised (Ramachandran et al, 2016;Smyth et al, 2015b) to exclude such data from analyses. However, this is a wasteful and costly approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the two larger sample studies of Smyth et al, (2013a) and Ramachandran et al, (2016) it was possible to use MEMs in the vast majority of cases (86%) to monitor electronically collection times of samples 2-4. Missing sampling times in the 14% minority of cases were due either to participants opening and closing the track cap bottle too quickly so that the times were not recorded and/or leaving the bottle open for the sampling period despite being instructed to open and close the bottle at each sampling time.…”

Section: Electronic Monitoring Of Sampling Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data were drawn from two studies presented in a single paper by Smyth et al (2013a), from Smyth et al (2015a) and Ramachandran et al (2016). In total, data derived from 128 healthy participants, recruited from the academic community at the University of Westminster (median age 20 years and inter-quartile range 18-24 years).…”

Section: Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data were derived from studies of healthy young adults in our laboratory using the saliva collection protocol of an awakening sample and three further samples at 15 min intervals over a 45 min period. Findings from each contributing data-set, in respect of diverse aims, have already been published (Ramachandran et al, 2016;Smyth et al, 2013a;Smyth et al, 2015a), but their merger permits exploitation of cortisol data of known collection timing previously excluded as not sufficiently protocol accurate. Inclusion of such data permits analysis, for the first time, of cortisol data in verified real-time, to clarify whether the typical growth curve of post-awakening salivary cortisol is evident, regardless of sampling accuracy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When time derived from electronic monitoring does not match time defined by protocol, data are typically determined "inaccurately timed" and then excluded from CAR calculations (Ramachandran et al, 2016;Smyth et al, 2015b). Management of such inaccurate data in this way is costly, and could be avoided if it were possible to incorporate cortisol values outside of the fixed sample protocol times.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Real-time analysis and curvilinear effects of sample timing inaccuracy

Thorn

Hucklebridge

Clow

et al. 2016

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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 All cortisol data objectively verified for awakening and saliva sampling times  Cortisol growth curve plot against real-time not affected by protocol deviance  In healthy young adults the mean CAR was a 100% increase from awakening cortisol  Curvilinear delay effect on CAR size if protocol times wrongly assumed accurate  Electronic-monitoring vital for CAR measurement and meaningful interpretation AbstractThe cortisol awakening response (CAR) is typically measured in the domestic setting. Moderate sample timing inaccuracy has been shown to result in erroneous CAR estimates and such inaccuracy has been shown partially to explain inconsistency in the CAR literature. The need for more reliable measurement of the CAR has recently been highlighted in expert consensus guidelines where it was pointed out that less than 6% of published studies provided electronic-monitoring of saliva sampling time in the post-awakening period.Analyses of a merged data-set of published studies from our laboratory are presented. To qualify for selection, both time of awakening and collection of the first sample must have been verified by electronic-monitoring and sampling commenced within 15 min of awakening. Participants (n=128) were young (median age of 20 years) and healthy. Cortisol values were determined in the 45 min post-awakening period on 215 sampling days. On 127 days, delay between verified awakening and collection of the first sample was less than 3 minutes ('no delay' group); on 45 days there was a delay of 4-6 min ('short delay' group); on 43 days the delay was 7-15 min ('moderate delay' group).Cortisol values for verified sampling times accurately mapped on to the typical post-awakening cortisol growth curve, regardless of whether sampling deviated from desired protocol timings. This provides support for incorporating rather than excluding delayed data (up to 15 min) in CAR analyses. For this population the fitted cortisol growth curve equation predicted a mean cortisol awakening level of 6 nmols/l (+/-1 for 95% CI) and a mean CAR rise of 6nmols/l (+/-2 for 95% CI). We also modelled the relationship between real delay and CAR magnitude, when the CAR is calculated erroneously by incorrectly assuming adherence to protocol time. Findings supported a curvilinear hypothesis in relation to effects of sample delay on the CAR. Short delays of 4-6 min between awakening and commencement of saliva sampling resulted an overestimated CAR. Moderate delays of 7-15 min were associated with an underestimated CAR. Findings emphasize the need to employ electronic-monitoring of sampling accuracy when measuring the CAR in the domestic setting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electronic Monitoring Of Sampling Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Real-time analysis and curvilinear effects of sample timing inaccuracy

Thorn

Hucklebridge

Clow

et al. 2016

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Effect of Shift Working on Depression Prevalence and Sexual Life of Female Nurses: A Correlational Study in Turkey

Bilge

Kaydırak

Avci

et al. 2020

International Journal of Sexual Health

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Salivary Cortisol and Melatonin, Sleep, and Behavioral Patterns in Older Adults Living With Dementia

Cho,

Lee,

Shin

et al. 2023

Nursing Research

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Background Over half of the older adults living with dementia have behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), including sleep disturbance; however, little is known about physiological markers. Salivary cortisol and melatonin have been identified as potential biomarkers of BPSD, with evidence suggesting a relationship between these biomarkers and various behavioral factors, as well as sleep and activity patterns. Objectives To investigate the time-dependent changes in salivary cortisol and melatonin levels in older adults with dementia, their relationship with the sleep–wake cycle, and their correlation with BPSD symptoms and behavioral factors. Methods This observational study conducted in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, South Korea used data from 172 older adults with dementia, measuring sleep and activity patterns for 2 weeks using a wearable device, in addition to administering questionnaires for neuropsychiatric and psychological symptoms—the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Salivary cortisol and melatonin levels were measured at four time points and divided into four groups based on a dual trajectory model. Differences among the groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results The participants showed normal but heterogeneous patterns of salivary cortisol and melatonin levels. Dual trajectory pattern analysis showed that higher levels of melatonin during the daytime were correlated with poor nighttime sleep efficiency and decreased disinhibited behaviors, and higher levels of cortisol at all four time points were associated with decreased physical activity. Discussion Measuring and analyzing periodic changes in cortisol and melatonin levels can predict various behavioral symptoms (e.g., sleep disturbances, activity counts, and disinhibition) in older adults with dementia. A study with an experimental design is needed to discover the direct physiological interactions between cortisol, melatonin, and these symptoms.

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Relationship between post-awakening salivary cortisol and melatonin secretion in healthy participants

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Real-time analysis and curvilinear effects of sample timing inaccuracy

Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Real-time analysis and curvilinear effects of sample timing inaccuracy

Effect of Shift Working on Depression Prevalence and Sexual Life of Female Nurses: A Correlational Study in Turkey

Salivary Cortisol and Melatonin, Sleep, and Behavioral Patterns in Older Adults Living With Dementia

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