Relationship between nickel and cobalt sensitization in hard metal workers

Rystedt, Ingela; Fischer, Torkel

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04357.x

Cited by 126 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Widstrom & Erikssohn (27) also reported a strong correlation of ear piercing and nickel allergy in women. The risk of incurring nickel allergy is higher when the earlobes are pierced before the age of 20 (p<0.05) (26). The explanation may be a more active immune system for this age group or the use of poorer quality jewelry (nickel earrings).…”

Section: Allergic Contact Dermatitis In Older Adults and The Elderlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Kwangsukstith

Maibach

1995

Contact Dermatitis

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This article reviews the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). We found that the incidence of ACD in childhood is lower than in adults; this may be explained by less exposure to allergens, lack of immune response and limited patch test studies in this age group. In the elderly, there is an age-dependent decrease in the incidence of ACD, with decreased sensitization to new allergens and waning responses in previously sensitized subjects. There is extensive controversy about the effect of sex differences in ACD. The induction phases of ACD in both sexes are different due to differences in exposure to the allergens from occupations, habits and cultures. Differences in elicitation phases of ACD in both sexes are not confirmed. Women tend to have a higher incidence of ACD and higher immunologic response to exposure allergens than men. Thus we can only imprecisely define the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of ACD. Further prospective studies should be done to answer these questions.

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Section: Allergic Contact Dermatitis In Older Adults and The Elderlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Kwangsukstith

Maibach

1995

Contact Dermatitis

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“…Cobalt is a known sensitizer 1, 2, and can induce allergic contact dermatitis 3, 4. Exposure to cobalt on the skin can be easily determined with a skin wash technique 5; however, more knowledge is needed for biological monitoring of contact allergens 6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological monitoring of dermal and air exposure to cobalt at a Swedish hard metal production plant: does dermal exposure contribute to uptake?

et al. 2017

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SummaryBackgroundOccupational exposure to cobalt is well established in hard metal manufacture. Cobalt is known to cause contact allergy, asthma, hard metal lung disease, and lung cancer. The relationship between skin exposure and uptake determined in blood has not been extensively investigated.ObjectiveTo examine whether skin and inhalable air exposure to cobalt contributes to uptake, determined as cobalt in blood, in a hard metal manufacturing factory.MethodsThe amount of cobalt on the skin found with an acid wash technique, the air concentrations of inhalable cobalt and cobalt blood concentrations were determined and correlated in exposed workers.ResultsWe found a significant rank correlation for cobalt concentrations on the skin, in inhalable air, and in blood (0.376–0.498). Multiple linear regression showed significant regression coefficients for cobalt skin exposure and blood (B = 0.01, p < 0.05) and for inhalable cobalt in air and blood (B = 49.1, p < 0.001). According to our model based on data from the regression analyses, a twofold increase in skin exposure levels at different air concentrations caused a 3–14% increase in blood levels.ConclusionsOur data suggest that skin exposure to cobalt in the hard metal industry could affect the total uptake at the same order of magnitude as air exposure.

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“…Os agentes empregados para a perfuração geralmente são de aço inoxidável, material de baixo potencial alergênico, e provavelmente não são a causa do desenvolvimento da sensibilidade, mas sim os brincos usados após a perfuração 7 . Familiares têm tendência de perfurar as orelhas e colocar brincos de ouro para manter a perfuração, mas ouro de baixa qualidade pode conter níquel e ser, então, responsável pela sensibilização 19 21 . Uma explicação poderia ser o uso de bijuterias baratas entre jovens e o fato de o ambiente da perfuração no lóbulo da orelha ser fechado e úmido, propiciando a ocorrência de dermatite irritativa que facilitaria a indução da sensibilidade 21 .…”

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Ear piercing as a risk factor for contact allergy to nickel

Brandão

Girundi²,

Castro³

2010

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of metal contact allergy among the children seen at a health center and to characterize children with metal allergies in terms of risk factors. Methods:This was an uncontrolled cross-sectional study undertaken at a health center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Children aged from 0 to 12 years were recruited when they presented at the health center for routine pediatric consultations and were given contact tests for chrome, cobalt and nickel. Statistical analyses were conducted on test readings taken at 96 hours. Results classed as weak (+), strong (++) or extreme (+++) were defined as "reaction," while those classed as doubtful, negative or irritant were defined as "no reaction."Results: A total of 144 children completed the study protocol. Of these, 4.9% exhibited a reaction to chrome, 9.7% to cobalt and 20.1% to nickel. Patients with pierced ears were more likely to react to nickel than those without pierced ears (p = 0.031 and odds ratio = 2.8). Conclusions:In view of the current tendency for the prevalence of nickel allergy to increase, parents should be warned about its association with ear piercing. Further studies are needed to determine the ideal age for ear piercing and the ideal materials for earrings. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2010;86(2):149-154:Cobalt, child, chrome, contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity, nickel. ResumoObjetivos: Determinar a prevalência da alergia de contato aos metais em crianças que frequentam um centro de saúde e caracterizar o subgrupo com alergia em relação aos fatores de risco.Métodos: Estudo transversal não controlado, conduzido em um centro de saúde de Belo Horizonte (MG). Foram incluídas crianças com idades entre 0 e 12 anos que se apresentaram para consulta pediátrica de rotina, sendo aplicados testes de contato para o cromo, o cobalto e o níquel. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com base na leitura do teste em 96 horas. Leituras classificadas como fraca (+), forte (++) ou extrema (+++) foram consideradas como reação, enquanto as classificadas como duvidosa, negativa ou irritativa foram consideradas como não reação. Resultados:Completaram o estudo 144 crianças. Destas, 4,9% apresentaram reação ao cromo, 9,7% ao cobalto e 20,1% ao níquel. Os pacientes com orelha perfurada tiveram mais chance de reação ao níquel do que aqueles sem essa característica (p = 0,031 e odds ratio = 2,8). Conclusões:Em face da tendência atual ao aumento da alergia ao níquel, familiares devem ser alertados sobre a sua associação com a perfuração das orelhas. Estudos posteriores são necessários para avaliar a idade ideal para a perfuração das orelhas e o material ideal para brincos. J Pediatr (Rio J) IntroduçãoVários estudos mostram os metais como os sensibilizantes de contato mais comuns em crianças, principalmente o níquel [1][2][3][4] . Dados recentes vêm revelando aumento na taxa de alergia a esse metal em países industrializados 5 .A influência do modismo e do estilo de vida tem importante papel no desenvolvimento dessa sensibilização. A dermatite de ...

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Relationship between nickel and cobalt sensitization in hard metal workers

Cited by 126 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Biological monitoring of dermal and air exposure to cobalt at a Swedish hard metal production plant: does dermal exposure contribute to uptake?

Ear piercing as a risk factor for contact allergy to nickel

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