Relationship between Molecular Weights of Pectin and Hypocholesterolemic Effects in Rats

Yamaguchi, Fumihide; Uchida, Setuko; Watabe, Shigeo; Kojima, Hiroshi; Shimizu, Noriko; Hatanaka, Chitoshi

doi:10.1271/bbb.59.2130

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Pectin with LMW, low viscosity and high solubility was ineffective in reducing TC versus those with HMW and viscosity (Yamaguchi et al, 1995). In our prescreening work (Craig et al, 2006) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Based on results from several animal studies (Yamaguchi et al, 1995;Trautwein et al, 1998;Dongowski and Lorenz, 2004), it has been stated that the molecular composition of pectin affected cholesterol reductions in blood and liver. To determine whether the molecular composition of pectins to be tested in a subsequent human clinical trial affected cholesterol-lowering, nine different pectin types were evaluated in 486 male broilers for 35 days using a parallel study design (Craig et al, 2006).…”

Section: Pectin Lowers Cholesterol In Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women

et al. 2011

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Background/Objectives: Viscous fibers typically reduce total cholesterol (TC) by 3-7% in humans. The cholesterol-lowering properties of the viscous fiber pectin may depend on its physico-chemical properties (viscosity, molecular weight (MW) and degree of esterification (DE)), but these are not typically described in publications, nor required by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) with respect to its generic pectin cholesterol-lowering claim. Subjects/Methods: Here, different sources and types of well-characterized pectin were evaluated in humans. Cross-over studies were completed in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic persons receiving either 15 g/day pectin or cellulose with food for 4 weeks. Results: Relative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering was as follows: citrus pectin DE-70 ¼ apple pectin DE-70 (7-10% reduction versus control)4apple pectin DE-35 ¼ citrus pectin DE-354OPF (orange pulp fiber) DE-70 and low-MW pectin DE-704citrus DE-0. In a subsequent 3-week trial with 6 g/day pectin, citrus DE-70 and high MW pectin DE-70 reduced LDL-C 6-7% versus control (without changes in TC). In both studies, high DE and high MW were important for cholesterol lowering. Source may also be important as citrus and apple DE-70 pectin were more effective than OPF DE-70 pectin. Pectin did not affect inflammatory markers high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) nor plasma homocysteine. Conclusions: Pectin source and type (DE and MW) affect cholesterol lowering. The EFSA pectin cholesterol-lowering claim should require a minimum level of characterization, including DE and MW.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Pectin Lowers Cholesterol In Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women

et al. 2011

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“…Makady reported that high viscous pectin was effective in repressing the level of the blood choles terol content (25). Yamaguchi et al reported the rela tionship between molecular weights of pectin and hypocholesterolemic effects (26). In this paper, we determined the effect of the molecular weight of pectin on lipase activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Inhibition of Lipase Activities by Citrus Pectin

Tsujita

Sumiyoshi

Han

et al. 2003

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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SummaryThe oral administration of pectin to rats reduced and delayed the peak plasma triacylglycerol concentration. Pectin inhibited the hydrolysis of trioleoylglycerol emulsified with soybean phosphatidylcholine by pancreatic, carboxylester, and lingual lipases in a con centration-dependent manner. However, the effective concentration of pectin for lingual lipase was 100 times lower than that for pancreatic lipase. Pectin did not inhibit the tribu tyrin and p-nitrophenylbutyrate-hydrolyzing activities by pancreatic and carboxylester lipase. When low molecular weight pectin was assayed, pectin at a molecular weight of 90,000 (MW 90) most strongly inhibited three lipase activities. When the effect of pH on pectin inhibition was analyzed using pancreatic lipase, strong inhibition was observed at an acidic pH (below pH 7.0). In the assay system, the pancreatic lipase protein levels in the supernatant and fat layer were estimated by Western blotting with an anti-pancreatic lipase antibody. Pectin reduced the amount of pancreatic lipase protein in the fat layer in a concen tration-dependent manner and concomitantly increased that in the supernatant. These results suggest that pectin may interact with emulsified substrates and inhibit the adsorp tion of lipase to the surface of substrate emulsion. Key Words pectin, pancreatic lipase, lingual lipase, triacylglycerol digestion It is well known that pectin lowers plasma and liver cholesterol in rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia (1 3). Pectin intake resulted in lower plasma LDL choles terol concentrations, whereas plasma VLDL and HDL cholesterols were not affected by pectin intake in guinea pigs (4). In humans, pectin also reduced total choles terol and LDL cholesterol concentrations, but HDL cho lesterol was not significantly influenced by pectin (5). Though numerous studies have shown that pectin has been shown to lower cholesterol concentrations in sev eral animal and human studies, few studies have ex amined the effect of pectin on the triacylglycerol metabolism. In this study, we investigated in detail, the effect of pectin on dietary triacylglycerol digestion and absorption.In mammals, dietary triacylglycerol digestion is mediated by three main enzymes: preduodenal (lingual or gastric), carboxylester, and pancreatic lipases. Under acidic conditions in the stomach, fat is hydrolyzed by preduodenal lipase(s), which leads to the hydrolysis of 10-30% of the dietary triacylglycerols to glycerols (mainly diacylglycerol) and free fatty acids (6). Pancre atic lipase hydrolyzes triacylglycerols to 2-monoacylg lycerol and free fatty acids. Carboxylester lipase has a broad substrate specificity, acting readily on triacylglyc erols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and choles terol esters (7), and catalyzes the hydrolysis of water soluble substrates such as methyl butyrate and p-nitro phenylbutyrate. Typical substrates for these enzymes are long-chain triacylglycerols, which are separated from the aqueous medium by the surface phase. In con trast to their substrates, the...

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“…10,11 PME has been covalently immobilized onto porous glass beads, 12 nylon polyisonitrile derivatives, 13 activated Sepharose 4B and polyethylene terephthalate. 14 This work aims to evaluate the performance of a fixed-bed reactor filled with PME immobilized in silica particles, a cheap support, for the production of LM-pectin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of low methoxyl pectin using immobilized pectinmethylesterase silica from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.)

Assis

Ferreira²,

Fernandes

et al. 2006

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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The aim of this work was to develop an efficient reactor for the production of low methoxyl pectin, using pectinmethylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11) from acerola immobilized on silica. The immobilized enzyme was used in up to 50 successive bioconversion runs at 50• C with an efficiency loss of less than 20%. The fixed-bed reactor (6.0 × 1.5 cm) was prepared using PME immobilized in glutaraldehyde-activated silica operated at 50• C with an optimum flow rate of 10 mL h −1 . The bioconversion yield was shown to strongly depend on the nature of the enzymatic preparation. An efficiency of 44% was achieved when concentrated PME was used, compared with only 30% with purified PME, both after an 8-h run. The process described could provide the basis for the development of a commercial-scale process.

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Relationship between Molecular Weights of Pectin and Hypocholesterolemic Effects in Rats

Cited by 26 publications

References 3 publications

Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women

Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women

Inhibition of Lipase Activities by Citrus Pectin

Production of low methoxyl pectin using immobilized pectinmethylesterase silica from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.)

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