Relationship Between Long Working Hours and Depression

Amagasa, Takashi; Nakayama, Takeo

doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31829b27fa

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Descriptive statistics for the identified eligible ten published studies (54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63) are presented in supplementary table C, www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract. php?abstract_id=3712.…”

Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The range of study entry year varied between 1992-2010. Four studies were from Japan (54,58,59,62), two from Canada (56,61), and one each from the UK (57), Sweden (55), France (60), and South Korea (63). In three studies, there were separate estimates for men and women (54)(55)(56).…”

Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In three studies, there were separate estimates for men and women (54)(55)(56). Adjustment for covariates varied between none (58), stratification by sex (54,55), and multivariable (56,57,(59)(60)(61)(62)(63) In total, the number of participants in published studies and individual participant data was 189 729 (96 275 men, 93 454 women) from 35 countries. The number of cases with new-onset depressive symptoms was 21 747 (the average onset 11.5%).…”

Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Virtanen¹,

Jokela²,

Madsen³

et al. 2018

Scand J Work Environ Health

154

111

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Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms. MethodsWe searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies.Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1-5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I 2 =45.1%, P=0.004). A strong association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34) or Australia (0.95,. Differences by other characteristics were small. ConclusionsThis observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.Key terms depression; mental health; overtime; psychological distress; working life; working time. Long working hours and depressive symptomsDepression is a leading cause of years lived with disability, contributing to a significant proportion of disease burden worldwide (1). Given that the burden of mental disorders peaks at working age (1), workingage populatio ns are an important target for prevention. There is growing evidence to suggest a link between work characteristics and the onset of depression, with perceived psychosocial work stress being the most often investigated work exposure (2-7).Recently, studies have also focused on long working hours as a potential risk factor for mental disorders (8). However, although several reviews of this field exist (5, 9-24), the few systematic quantifications of the evidence have been based on published cross-sectional (18,19,25) or published longitudinal studies (26). Given the potential publication bias in studies based on published data (27), an individual-participant metaanalysis of unpublished data would provide important complementary evidence to evaluate the effect of long working hours on mental health. Furthermore, long working hours are more common in Asia and North America than in Europe and the risk of mental health problems is higher among women and individuals with low socioeconomic position than men and those with high socioeconomic status. As determinants and mechanisms that harm and protect mental health may also vary by regio...

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Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Virtanen¹,

Jokela²,

Madsen³

et al. 2018

Scand J Work Environ Health

154

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…And finally, occupational factors were included in addition to model 3 covariates (Model 4). Quantitative workload was left out of multivariable logistic regression analyses because of a strong intercorrrelation with working hours and some recent studies indicated that work demands should be treated as an intermediate variable but not as a confounder [ 17 , 22 ]. The significance level for all statistical analyses was P < 0.05 (two-tailed test).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long working hours, job satisfaction, and depressive symptoms: a community-based cross-sectional study among Japanese employees in small- and medium-scale businesses

Nakata

2017

Oncotarget

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Although long working hours have been suspected to be a risk factor for depressive symptoms (DS), it is not well understood the conditions under which long working hours are associated with it. This study investigated the moderating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between working hours and DS. A total of 2,375 full-time non-shift day workers (73% men), aged 18–79 (mean 45) years, in 296 small- and medium-scale businesses were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire evaluating working hours, job satisfaction, DS and covariates. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was used to assess DS. Risk of DS (CES-D ≥ 16) by working hours, job satisfaction, and both combined was estimated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Compared to participants working 6–8 hrs/day, those working 12+ hrs/day had significantly higher odds of DS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.49), while participants with low satisfaction, as opposed to high satisfaction, had increased odds of DS (aOR 1.81). Furthermore, compared to those working 6–8 hrs/day with high satisfaction (reference group), participants working 6-8 hrs/day, > 8 to 10 hrs/day, and > 10 hrs/day combined with low satisfaction had dose-response increase of DS (aOR 1.48, 2.21 and 2.31, respectively, p < 0.05), whereas those working > 8 to 10 hrs/day and > 10 hrs/day combined with high satisfaction had not (aOR 0.93 and 1.39, respectively, p > 0.10). The results suggest that long working hours are associated with increased risk of DS only under reduced job satisfaction condition, which highlights the importance of improving job satisfaction, particularly among those working excessive hours.

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“…A work schedule comprises various variables—such as work hours, shift work, and break times between work—that are related to different health conditions, including fatigue and chronic disease. To date, numerous studies have reported the effects of shift work and working hours on workers’ health [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Kecklund and Axelsson reviewed the side effects of shift work with regard to hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and breast cancer [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Work Schedule Irregularity and the Risk of Work-Related Injury among Korean Manual Workers

Lee

Lim

Kim

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Work schedules comprise various variables and generate health and safety outcomes, including work-related injury, which causes socioeconomic problems, such as productivity loss and damage to worker health. We investigated the association between work schedule irregularity and the incidence of work-related injury among South Korean manual workers using data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey. In total, 18,330 manual workers were included. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to understand the association between work schedule and work-related injury and the influence of sufficient safety information and work schedule on work-related injury. We calculated the influence of an irregular work schedule on occupational injury after controlling for personal and work environment-related factors. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for work-related injury was 1.66 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–2.09) for an irregular work schedule. The interaction had an additive effect when the work schedule was irregular, even when sufficient safety information was provided. Manual workers had a higher incidence of injury (2.1%). Even in adjusted analyses, work schedule irregularity conferred greater risks of work injury, particularly when not working the same number of days weekly (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.21–1.90). Policymakers and health professionals need to consider the impact of work schedule irregularity on worker safety and health.

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Relationship Between Long Working Hours and Depression

Abstract: Long working hours increase current and future risks of depression.

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Long working hours, job satisfaction, and depressive symptoms: a community-based cross-sectional study among Japanese employees in small- and medium-scale businesses

Work Schedule Irregularity and the Risk of Work-Related Injury among Korean Manual Workers

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