Relationship between language switching experience and executive functions in bilinguals: an Internet-based study

Jylkkä, Jussi; Soveri, Anna; Wahlström, Jenny; Lehtonen, Minna; Rodrı́guez-Fornells, Antoni; Laine, Matti

doi:10.1080/20445911.2017.1282489

Cited by 36 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 27 bilingual language and executive control. These novel findings corroborate recent behavioral investigations showing that the social diversity of language use impacts performance on domain general executive control tasks, including language and task switching (Hartanto & Yang, 2016;Hofweber, Marinis, & Treffers-Daller, 2016;Jylkkä et al, 2017;Soveri, Rodriguez-Fornells, & Laine, 2011;Verreyt et al, 2016;see also, Prior & Gollan, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks

Gullifer¹,

Chai²,

Whitford³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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We investigated the independent contributions of second language (L2) age of acquisition (AoA) and social diversity of language use on intrinsic brain organization using seed-based resting-state functional connectivity among highly proficient French-English bilinguals. There were two key findings. First, earlier L2 AoA related to greater interhemispheric functional connectivity between homologous frontal brain regions, and to decreased reliance on proactive vs. reactive executive control in an AX-Continuous Performance Task completed outside the scanner. Second, greater diversity in social language use in daily life related to greater connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the putamen bilaterally, and to increased reliance on proactive control in the same task. These findings suggest that early vs. late L2 AoA links to a specialized neural framework for processing two languages that may engage a specific type of executive control (i.e., reactive control). In contrast, higher vs. lower degrees of diversity in social language use link to a broadly distributed set of brain networks implicated in proactive control and context monitoring.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks

Gullifer¹,

Chai²,

Whitford³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…One proposed mechanism for this Bilingual Training has been language switching (Linck et al, 2012;Rodriguez-Fornells et al, 2006). Earlier studies examining the relationship between language switching frequency and EF have, however, yielded inconsistent results (Hartanto & Yang, 2016;Johnson et al, 2015;Jylkkä et al, 2017;Paap et al, 2017;Prior & Gollan, 2011;Soveri et al, 2011;Verreyt et al, 2016). This discrepancy between previous studies suggests that the methods for assessing language switching and EF may be problematic, or that language switching does not train EF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing bilingual language switching behavior with Ecological Momentary Assessment

et al. 2019

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The putative bilingual executive advantage has been argued to stem from lifelong experience with executively demanding language behaviors, such as switching between the two languages. However, studies testing for possible associations between language switching frequency and EF in bilinguals have yielded inconsistent results. One reason for this could lie in the methods used that have evaluated the frequency and type of language switches with retrospective self-reports, as well as in problems in reliability and convergent validity of the executive tasks. By using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) as a reference point for self-reports of language switches, we examined the validity of general retrospective self-reports of language switching. Additionally, we examined associations between language switching and EF using multilevel models. Our results indicated that the commonly used retrospective self-reports of language switching may lack convergent validity. However, we found tentative evidence that contextual language switches, assessed with EMA, may be associated with better inhibitory control, set shifting, and working memory.

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“…On a related note, Soveri and colleagues (2011) found that a higher frequency of bilingual every-day language switching was related to a smaller mixing (but not switching) cost in errors on a number-letter switching task. Soveri and colleagues suggested that mixing cost reflects top-down management of two competing tasks, and thus closely resembles an everyday conversation in which a bilingual must decide which language to use by recruiting sustained control and general monitoring processes (although note that this finding was not replicated in a similar follow-up study from the same group; Jylkkä et al, 2017). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A relative bilingual advantage in switching with preparation: Nuanced explorations of the proposed association between bilingualism and task switching.

Stasenko¹,

Matt²,

Gollan³

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Bilingual language switching may increase general switching efficiency, but the evidence on this question is mixed. We hypothesized that group differences in switching might be stronger at a long cue-target interval (CTI), which may better tap general switching abilities (Yehene & Meiran, 2007). Eighty Spanish-English bilinguals and 80 monolinguals completed a color-shape switching task, and an analogous language-switching task, varying CTI (short versus long) in both tasks. With longer preparation time (long CTI), bilinguals exhibited significantly smaller task-switching costs than monolinguals, but only in the first half of trials. Group differences diminished with practice, though practice benefitted RTs on short CTI trials more than long, and bilinguals committed fewer errors with practice especially at short CTI. Groups did not differ in mixing costs; however, across CTIs and tasks, bilinguals and monolinguals alike, exhibited robust correlations between mixing costs, but not between switching costs. These results confirm an association between bilingualism and switching efficiency that may be magnified with manipulations that target general switching ability (or could reflect better ability to take advantage of preparation time). However, practice effects observed within experimental paradigms, and between task correlations in costs, may reflect cognitive mechanisms specific to laboratory tasks much more than associations with general switching ability and executive control mechanisms–for which more reliable and valid measures can hopefully be developed in future work.

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Relationship between language switching experience and executive functions in bilinguals: an Internet-based study

Cited by 36 publications

References 53 publications

Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks

Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks

Assessing bilingual language switching behavior with Ecological Momentary Assessment

A relative bilingual advantage in switching with preparation: Nuanced explorations of the proposed association between bilingualism and task switching.

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