Relationship between intra-uterine bacterial contamination, endotoxin levels and the development of endometritis in postpartum cows with dystocia or retained placenta

Dohmen, Melanie; Joop, K.; Sturk, Augueste; Bols, P.E.J.; Lohuis, J.A.C.M.

doi:10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00410-6

Cited by 181 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Evidence in support of this postulate is that during the first 2 weeks after calving there is presence of Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli in cows with retained placenta (Dohmen et al, 2000). Additionally, cows with retained placenta have been shown to have greater concentration of endotoxin in the uterine lochia compared to healthy postpartal cows (Dohmen et al, 2000). Furthermore, high concentrations of endotoxin in the uterine lochia have been related to abnormal cervical discharge, presence of Escherichia coli and other Gramnegative bacteria shortly after calving and in the uterus at 14 days postpartum.…”

Section: Retained Placentamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Endotoxin might be involved in all four conditions by lowering uterine atony, inducing edema of the chorionic villi, initiating an inflammatory state, and causing neutrophilia (preventing neutrophils to be involved in expulsion of the fetal membranes). Evidence in support of this postulate is that during the first 2 weeks after calving there is presence of Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli in cows with retained placenta (Dohmen et al, 2000). Additionally, cows with retained placenta have been shown to have greater concentration of endotoxin in the uterine lochia compared to healthy postpartal cows (Dohmen et al, 2000).…”

Section: Retained Placentamentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Previous research demonstrated that DCs have a 3.3-fold greater prevalence of pathogenic E. coli strains in their colon than the healthy ones (Byrne et al, 2003), which indicates that colonic endotoxin might translocate into bloodstream in DC around parturition (Emmanuel et al, 2007). Other potential sources of endotoxin in the periparturient cow are the infected mammary gland (Wenz et al, 2001) and the uterine tissue (Dohmen et al, 2000).…”

Section: Downer Cow Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrition, microbiota, and endotoxin-related diseases in dairy cows

2010

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-In this review article we present an overall summary of the role that high-grain/low forage diets have on rumen composition of microbiota and how changes in the diet affect the release of bacterial cell wall components that are toxic to the host. One of these toxic compounds is lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin, a component of the outer membrane of all Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, data are provided that support the concept that endotoxin translocates into the blood circulation and show that rumen endotoxin is associated with multiple perturbations of blood variables related to carbohydrate, lipid, and mineral metabolism. In addition, endotoxin induces a general, nonspecific immune response known as acute phase response. We also pinpoint the fact that high-grain diets are associated with distinct clusters of plasma metabolites and immune variables suggesting that changing cereal grain to forage ratio in the diet is very important for the health of dairy cattle. Furthermore, we provide information that support the concept that endotoxin is involved in multiple metabolic diseases such as fatty liver, milk fever, laminitis, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, and downer cow syndrome. More research is warranted to clarify the mechanisms by which nutrition, microbiota, and endotoxin contribute to development of metabolic diseases in dairy cattle. It is concluded that besides the aforementioned causal agents other compounds generated in the gastrointestinal tract such as lipoteichoic acid or methylated amines might be involved in the etiology of several metabolic diseases.Key Words: dairy cow, endotoxin, metabolic disorders, nutritional immunology Nutrição, microbiota e doenças relacionadas à endotoxina em vacas leiteiras RESUMO -Neste artigo de revisão é apresentado um resumo total do papel que a dieta de alto teor de grãos e baixo teor de forragem tem sobre a composição da microbiota do rúmen e como as mudanças na dieta afetam a liberação de componentes da parede celular bacteriana tóxicos ao hospedeiro. Um destes compostos tóxicos é um lipopolisacarídeo ou endotoxina, um componente da membrana exterior de todas bactérias gram-negativas. Também são fornecidos dados que apoiam a idéia de que a endotoxina se transloca na circulação sanguínea e que estas endotoxinas ruminais estão associadas a múltiplas perturbações das variáveis sanguíneas relacionadas a carboidratos, lipídios e metabolismo mineral. Além disso, endotoxina induz resposta imune geral e não específica, denominada resposta aguda de fase. Destaca-se também o fato de que dietas de alto teor de grão estão associadas a grupos distintos de metabolitos do plasma e variáveis imunes, sugerindo que a mudança na proporção entre grãos de cereal e forragem na dieta é muito importante para a saúde do gado leiteiro.Fornecemos também informações que apoiam o conceito de que a endotoxina está envolvida em múltiplas doenças metabólicas, como fígado gorduroso, febre do leite, laminitis, placenta retida, abomasum deslocado e síndrome downer cow.Maior número d...

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Section: Retained Placentamentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Retained Placentamentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Downer Cow Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrition, microbiota, and endotoxin-related diseases in dairy cows

2010

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“…Cows experiencing difficulty at birth are more likely to suffer from postpartum diseases such as metritis, retained placenta and milk fever (Benzaquen et al, 2007). This could be explained by the possibility of microbial contamination during assistance (Dohmen et al, 2000) combined with a depressed immune status during the peripartum period. This highlights the importance of good hygiene when intervention at calving is required.…”

Section: Dystociamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of main reproductive and health problems on the performance of dairy cows: a review

Hossein-Zadeh

2013

Span. j. agric. res.

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Reproductive efficiency is a critical component of a successful dairy operation and acts as an important component of a profitable dairy farm, whereas reproductive inefficiency is one of the most costly problems facing the dairy industry today. Reproductive problems occur frequently in lactating dairy cows and can dramatically affect reproductive efficiency in a dairy herd. Some of the most common problems include twinning, dystocia, abortion, stillbirth, retained placenta and metritis. These are diverse disorders that are similar in that they all can result in impaired reproductive function. Deciding whether to breed, treat, or cull dairy cows exhibiting one or more of these reproductive problems is a challenge for both veterinarians and dairy producers. In addition, there is considerable controversy among dairy scientists and bovine practitioners regarding the economic impact of these problems in a dairy operation and the most effective management or therapeutic intervention for treating them. Because of this controversy, dairy managers should focus on prevention and control of risk factors associated with each problem rather than on prescriptive therapeutic interventions. Dairy producers should work closely with their herd veterinarian to develop such management strategies and discuss appropriate interventions when necessary (Fricke, 2001).Low fertility reduces the profit by decreasing the average milk production and the number of calves per cow per year. Poor reproductive performance is a major cause of involuntary culling and therefore reduces the AbstractThis review focuses on the potential effects of twinning, dystocia, stillbirth, abortion, retained placenta and metritis on the productive and reproductive performances in dairy cattle. These are diverse disorders that are similar in that they all can result in impaired performance of dairy cows. Reproductive problems occur frequently in lactating dairy cows and can dramatically affect reproductive efficiency in a dairy herd. Poor reproductive performance is a major cause of involuntary culling and therefore reduces the opportunity for voluntary culling and has a negative influence on the subsequent productivity of a dairy herd. Reproductive performance is influenced by the interactive effect of environment, management, health, and genetic factors. In addition, diseases mainly affect dairy cow productivity by decreasing reproductive efficiency, shortening the expected length of productive life and by lowering milk production. Deciding whether to breed, treat, or cull dairy cows showing one or more of these problems is a challenge for both veterinarians and dairy producers. In addition, there is considerable debate among dairy scientists and bovine practitioners regarding the economic impact of these problems in a dairy operation and the most effective management or therapeutic intervention for treating them. Because of this controversy, dairy managers should focus on prevention and control of risk factors associated with each problem rather than on prescr...

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“…Monitoring postpartum cows with the aim of diagnosing metritis should be focused specifically on cows after dystocia and/or retained placenta because positive correlations between these pathological conditions and puerperal metritis have been confirmed (Bretzlaff et al, 1982;Dohmen et al, 2000;Tefera et al, 2001;Butler et al, 2002;Drillich et al, 2003;Garcia et al, 2003). Relationships among dystocia, metritis and fever in postpartum dairy cows have been described by Kristula et al (2001) and Benzaquen et al (2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of rectal temperature in diagnosis of puerperal metritis in dairy cows

Palenik¹,

Doležel²,

Kratochvil³

et al. 2009

Vet. Med. - Czech

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AbstrAct:The objective of this field trial was to evaluate the body temperature within the interval of 10 days post partum in cows with puerperal metritis, as confirmed by a clinical examination, in comparison with cows without clinical symptoms of this disease. In addition, the body temperature in cows having a purulent and putrid character of lochia was compared. Rectal temperature was measured daily in 92 randomly selected cows. The cows were examined clinically on day 10 ± 3 post partum and were divided according to the character of lochia into Group M1 (purulent lochia, n = 29), Group M2 (putrid lochia, n = 28) and Group C (normal lochia, n = 35). The number of cows with a fever (temperature > 39.0°C or > 39.5°C) at least once during 10 days post partum was higher in Groups M1 and M2 compared to Group C (86.2% and 92.9% vs. 54.3%, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, or 41.4% and 71.4% vs. 14.3%, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). In addition, there was a higher number of cows with a temperature > 39.5°C in Group M2 in comparison with Group M1 (P < 0.05). More cows showed consistent temperatures > 39.0°C for three days or > 39.5°C for two days in Group M2 compared to Group C (42.9% vs. 8.6%, P < 0.01 or 25.0% vs. 2.9%, P < 0.05). Average daily temperatures were higher in Group M2 compared to Group C on Days 1, 3, 5 and 7 (P < 0.05) as well as on Days 2 and 6 (P < 0.01) post partum. The results reveal the following: higher incidence of body temperature > 39.0°C in cows with puerperal metritis; risk period for fever from Day 3 to Day 7 post partum; higher incidence of fever in cows with putrid lochia compared to cows with purulent lochia; body temperature > 39.5°C being a more accurate indicator of puerperal metritis than temperature > 39.0°C. Despite that, the occurrence of fever was irregular. In conclusion, measurement of body temperature does not represent a sufficiently accurate diagnostic method for puerperal metritis although it may be considered a useful indicator for assessment of the severity of the disease.

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Relationship between intra-uterine bacterial contamination, endotoxin levels and the development of endometritis in postpartum cows with dystocia or retained placenta

Cited by 181 publications

References 23 publications

Nutrition, microbiota, and endotoxin-related diseases in dairy cows

Nutrition, microbiota, and endotoxin-related diseases in dairy cows

Effects of main reproductive and health problems on the performance of dairy cows: a review

Evaluation of rectal temperature in diagnosis of puerperal metritis in dairy cows

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