“…The issues of primary medical negligence, medication safety, and personnel education and training are critical for health care institutions in Taiwan and worldwide (Chen, Chang, & Pan, ). Total quality management (TQM) is a concept used by organisations to maintain a competitive advantage and to ensure overall effective performance (Chang, Chiu, & Chen, ; Nasser, Yusoff, & Islam, ). Several studies have reported that total quality management has a positive effect on hospital performance, showing that accredited hospitals are more likely than unaccredited hospitals to engage in total quality management practices (Alaraki, ).…”