Relationship between education, leisure activities, and cognitive functions in older adults

Park, Soowon; Choi, Boungho; Choi, Chong‐Ho; Kang, Jae Myeong; Lee, Jun Young

doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1512083

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…In addition, the participants in our study were in the early stage of cognitive decline and CR might have been utilized as a compensatory mechanism in the aspects of everyday life (Tomaszewski Farias et al, 2018) and neural networks (Liang et al, 2011) against cognitive decline (Stern, 2012). The low education level in our study also may have contributed to the effect of leisure on cognitive function, because education has been reported to affect the association between leisure activity and cognitive function in a previous study, where an association between leisure activities and cognitive function was only observed in low-educated old adults (Park et al, 2019). We assume that lifetime leisure activities can help adapt to the early cognitive decline, particularly in naming ability and cognitive domains including language, memory, visuospatial, and frontal executive function through abstract and mental stimulating activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In terms of measurements, CR proxies such as education (MacPherson et al, 2017;Rodriguez et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019), IQ (Ghaffar et al, 2012;MacPherson et al, 2017), and occupational attainment (Ghaffar et al, 2012;Boots et al, 2015) have been used to represent a component of CR (Jones et al, 2011) rather than a comprehensive lifetime cognitive stimulating activity. In addition, previous studies have determined the effect of CR on cognitive function, as measured by global cognitive scales like the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) (Zhang et al, 2019) and the Montreal cognitive assessment (Park et al, 2019), and few have identified the relationship with comprehensive cognitive domains. Thus, an extended and thorough assessment of CR and a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation may help to find their relationship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Lee

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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In older adults with normal cognition, cognitive reserve (CR) is known to be associated with the neuropsychological profile. We investigated the association between comprehensive CR and detailed neuropsychological profile in the early stage of cognitive decline. Fifty-five participants with mild cognitive impairment or subjective cognitive decline completed the cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq) that yielded total, education, working activity, and leisure time scores (CRI-Total, CRI-Education, CRI-Working activity, and CRI-Leisure time, respectively). Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and detailed neuropsychological evaluation were performed. Psychiatric symptom scales were applied to measure depression, apathy, positive or negative affect, and quality of life. Correlation and linear regression analyses of the variables were performed. The effect of CR-Education, CRI-Working activity, and CRI-Leisure time on the composite cognitive score was determined using a multivariable regression model. We observed that for CRI-Total (B = 3.00, p = 0.005), CRI-Education (B = 3.39, p = 0.002), and CRI-Leisure time (B = 2.56, p = 0.015), CR correlated with MMSE scores, while only CRI-Leisure time associated with the naming ability (B = 2.20, p = 0.033) in the detailed neuropsychological test results of the participants. Multivariable regression model also indicated that among CRI subscores, CRI-Leisure time directly affects the composite cognitive score (β = 0.32, p = 0.011). We found that in the early stage of cognitive decline in older adults, comprehensive CR was associated with global cognition, and only leisure activity was identified to be associated with the detailed neuropsychological profile including naming ability. These results may imply the positive effect of leisure activity on cognitive function in the early stages of cognitive decline.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Lee

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…2012 ; Clare et al. 2017 ; Park et al. 2019 ), which might not accurately reflect the full scope of cognitive enrichment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Right Lateralized Brain Reserve Offsets Age-Related Deficits in Ignoring Distraction

Shalev

Brosnan

Chechlacz

2020

Cerebral Cortex Communications

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Age-related deterioration of attention decreases the ability to stay focused on the task at hand due to less efficient selection of relevant information and increased distractibility in the face of irrelevant, but salient stimuli. While older (compared with younger) adults may have difficulty suppressing salient distractors, the extent of these challenges differs vastly across individuals. Cognitive reserve measured by proxies of cognitively enriching life experiences, such as education, occupation and leisure activities, is thought to mitigate the effects of the aging process and account for variability in trajectories of cognitive decline. Based on combined behavioral and neuroimaging (voxel-based morphometry) analyses of demographic, cognitive and neural markers of aging and cognitive reserve proxy measures, we examine here predictors of variability in the age-related changes in attention function, indexed by ability to supress salient distraction. Our findings indicate that in healthy (neurotypical) aging gray matter volume within several right lateralised fronto-parietal brain regions varies according to both levels of cognitive reserve (education) and the capacity to effectively select visual stimuli amidst salient distraction. Thus, we provide here novel experimental evidence supporting Robertson’s theory of a right lateralized neural basis for cognitive reserve.

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“…Additionally, due to the absence of an active control group who are involved in attention intense activities such as learning a language or instrument (Garland & Howard, 2009), the observed differences in attention regulation between groups may be due to the fact that meditators are experienced in a non-specific form of attention training rather than meditation-specific effects. The most conspicuous potential limitation however, is the difference in years of education between groups, which has been shown to affect cognitive performance and function (Park, Choi, Choi, Kang, & Lee, 2018). Tests were performed (see supplementary materials 2) to assess the effect of this confound by replicating comparisons after groups were matched for years of education, excluding the most educated meditators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mindfulness meditation alters neural activity underpinning working memory during tactile distraction

Wang

Freedman²,

Raj

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Evidence suggests that mindfulness meditation (MM) improves selective attention and reduces distractibility by enhancing top-down neural modulation. Altered P300 and alpha neural activity from MM have been identified and may reflect the neural changes that underpin these improvements. Given the proposed role of alpha activity in supressing processing of task-irrelevant information, it is theorised that altered alpha activity may underlie increased availability of neural resources in meditators. The present study investigated attentional function in meditators using a cross-modal study design, examining the P300 during working memory (WM) and alpha activity during concurrent distracting tactile stimuli. Thirty-three meditators and 27 healthy controls participated in the study. Meditators showed a more frontal distribution of P300 neural activity following WM stimuli (p = 0.005, η² = 0.060) and more modulation of alpha activity at parietal-occipital regions between single (tactile stimulation only) and dual task demands (tactile stimulation plus WM task) (p < 0.001, η² = 0.065). Additionally, meditators performed more accurately than controls (p = 0.038, η² = 0.067). The altered distribution of neural activity concurrent with improved WM performance suggests greater attentional resources dedicated to task related functions such as WM in meditators. Thus, meditation-related neural changes are likely multi-faceted involving both altered distribution and also amplitudes of brain activity, enhancing attentional processes depending on task requirements.

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Relationship between education, leisure activities, and cognitive functions in older adults

Cited by 59 publications

References 58 publications

Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Right Lateralized Brain Reserve Offsets Age-Related Deficits in Ignoring Distraction

Mindfulness meditation alters neural activity underpinning working memory during tactile distraction

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