Relationship Between Dental Fluorosis and Intelligence Quotient of School Going Children In and Around Lucknow District: A Cross-Sectional Study

Effect of Fluoride Exposure Through Drinking Water on the Oral Health Status and Intelligence Profile of School Children of District Una, Himachal Pradesh: An Interim Analysis

“…In psychology books also, gender is mentioned as a nonrelated factor to IQ. Similar results were reported by Xiang et al from China 16 and Khan et al from Lucknow, 17 India. However, majority of children from Lucknow were above average intelligence (45.7%) 17 ; however, this was conducted on relatively lower age group (6-13 years).…”

“…Similar results were reported by Xiang et al from China 16 and Khan et al from Lucknow, 17 India. However, majority of children from Lucknow were above average intelligence (45.7%) 17 ; however, this was conducted on relatively lower age group (6-13 years). Another similar study from Iran showed around 28% of average intelligence children (7-9 years) and 9% above average and no significant difference between male and females.…”

“…Khan et al, also reported that with increase in the grade of fluorosis, a trend of increase in the IQ grade (decrease in intellectual capacity) was observed indicating a strong correlation between fluorosis grade. 17 Saxena et al and Shivaprakash et al in their study have also demonstrated that intellectual capacity of children decreases with increase in the fluorosis grade. 6,19 Data from previous studies support to the hypothesis that interaction between fluoride, lead, and arsenic could worsen the children's intelligence grades, 20 and thus, indicate a need for further investigation.…”

Does fluorosis affect the intelligence profile of children? A cross sectional analysis of school children of district Una, Himachal Pradesh, India

“…8,11,17 Trivedi et al, reported that an elevated fluoride level would affect higher levels of intelligence more vigorously than normal and low intelligence levels. 18 There was contrast reports presenting a statistically significant difference in IQ levels of children belonging to high, medium, and low fluoride areas, by Khan et al and Mondal et al 5,6 The functional and biochemical harm to the nervous system during the prenatal and development periods of infancy and childhood because fluoride can cross the blood brain barrier leading to lack of IQ in children exposed to high levels of fluoride is mainly; however, it is also due to factors involving variation in biological susceptibility, environmental conditions, and measurement errors. 19 Xiang et al, discussed about decreasing IQ with increasing age but reason is still not clear.…”

“…Few researchers from endemic pockets in country have tried to establish association between fluoride levels and IQ among children. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The fluoride levels in water bodies differ from region to region and are not uniform. And there is paucity of evidence in reference to fluorosis from Himalayan states of country both from national programme and independent research.…”