Relationship Between Craving and Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and Resistin Levels in Patients with Alcoholism

Kumsar, Neslihan Akkişi; Dılbaz, Nesrin

doi:10.1111/acer.12689

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The majority of previous clinical studies have found that the plasma concentration of ghrelin is associated with craving in alcohol‐dependent patients. Akkişi Kumsar & Dilbaz () showed a positive correlation between ghrelin concentrations and both, the total score and the score of the compulsive subscale of the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) as well as the score of the resistance subscale of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. In addition, our group demonstrated a significant positive correlation between plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin and alcohol craving as measured with the OCDS at days 1 and 14 of detoxification in 61 alcohol‐dependent male inpatient subjects (Koopmann et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues in alcohol‐addicted subjects: a functional imaging study

et al. 2018

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Ghrelin has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence, affecting alcohol self-administration and craving. However, the mechanism of action in alcohol dependence still has to be determined. We thus investigated whether ghrelin is associated with mesolimbic cue reactivity to alcohol cues and alcohol craving in recently detoxified alcohol-addicted subjects. We included 41 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent individuals. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study mesolimbic cue reactivity during the presentation of alcohol-related pictures. Additionally, we assessed patients' alcohol craving using the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire and a visual analogue scale. Plasma concentrations of total and acylated (activated) ghrelin were measured in parallel to the fMRI session. The association between ghrelin plasma concentrations, mesolimbic cue reactivity and alcohol craving was assessed by performing correlation and mediation analyses. Alcohol-induced brain response in a network of brain clusters, including the right and left ventral striatum, showed a significant positive association with acylated ghrelin plasma concentration. Additionally, acylated ghrelin was significantly associated with craving. Mediation analyses showed that the association between acylated ghrelin plasma concentration and alcohol craving is mediated by a cue-induced brain response in the ventral striatum. Based on the finding that ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues, the following should be considered: If alcohol craving and the appetitive status were interrelated, this has to be taken into account when implementing fMRI studies for addictive disorders. Moreover, appetite regulation seems to represent a valid treatment target for reducing cue reactivity in addictive disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues in alcohol‐addicted subjects: a functional imaging study

et al. 2018

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“…Acute alcohol administration results in a reduction in blood ghrelin concentrations or a blunting in fasting-induced ghrelin increase in AUD (Calissendorff et al, 2006, Calissendorff et al, 2005, Zimmermann et al, 2007, Leggio et al, 2013, Ralevski et al, 2017), although these studies have been limited by the use of water or saline as a control condition, rather than an isocaloric non-alcoholic control (see also Commentary by: (Cummings et al, 2007)). Actively drinking AUD individuals seem to have lower circulating ghrelin, but abstinence is associated with increasingly higher circulating ghrelin compared to healthy controls (Kraus et al, 2005, Akkisi Kumsar and Dilbaz, 2015, Wurst et al, 2007, Leggio et al, 2012, Kim et al, 2005, Ralevski et al, 2017). Ghrelin concentrations correlate positively with alcohol craving (Addolorato et al, 2006, Koopmann et al, 2012, Leggio et al, 2012); baseline ghrelin levels are higher in AUD individuals who subsequently relapse, but lower in those able to maintain abstinence (Leggio et al, 2012).…”

Section: Ghrelin Alcohol and Substance Usementioning

confidence: 93%

Stress, Motivation, and the Gut–Brain Axis: A Focus on the Ghrelin System and Alcohol Use Disorder

Morris

Voon

Leggio

2018

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Since its discovery, the gut hormone, ghrelin, has been implicated in diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. Central and peripheral interactions between ghrelin and other hormones, including the stress-response hormone cortisol, govern complex behavioral responses to external cues and internal states. By acting at ventral tegmental area dopaminergic projections and other areas involved in reward processing, ghrelin can induce both general and directed motivation for rewards, including craving for alcohol and other alcohol-seeking behaviors. Stress-induced increases in cortisol seem to increase ghrelin in the periphery, suggesting a pathway by which ghrelin influences how stressful life events trigger motivation for rewards. However, in some states, ghrelin may be protective against the anxiogenic effects of stressors. This critical review brings together a dynamic and growing literature, that is, at times inconsistent, on the relationships between ghrelin, central reward-motivation pathways, and central and peripheral stress responses, with a special focus on its emerging role in the context of alcohol use disorder.

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“…Studies have shown that genetic or metabolic reductions in ghrelin levels decrease alcohol intake ( 100 , 101 ). In addition, higher ghrelin levels are associated with greater self-reported craving ( 97 , 98 , 101 , 102 ), longer and more intense subjective responses to alcohol ( 103 ), and activation of the bilateral insulae ( 104 ) and ventral striatum ( 105 ) as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging during alcohol cue exposure. Higher levels of ghrelin and activation of the ghrelin receptor stimulate the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link, which has implications for the reinforcing effects of ghrelin in AUD ( 106 ).…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Of Action For the Therapeutic Effects Of Ketosis In Alcohol Use Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Ketosis as a Potential Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder

et al. 2021

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Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder, characterized by compulsive alcohol seeking and disrupted brain function. In individuals with AUD, abstinence from alcohol often precipitates withdrawal symptoms than can be life threatening. Here, we review evidence for nutritional ketosis as a potential means to reduce withdrawal and alcohol craving. We also review the underlying mechanisms of action of ketosis. Several findings suggest that during alcohol intoxication there is a shift from glucose to acetate metabolism that is enhanced in individuals with AUD. During withdrawal, there is a decline in acetate levels that can result in an energy deficit and could contribute to neurotoxicity. A ketogenic diet or ingestion of a ketone ester elevates ketone bodies (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) in plasma and brain, resulting in nutritional ketosis. These effects have been shown to reduce alcohol withdrawal symptoms, alcohol craving, and alcohol consumption in both preclinical and clinical studies. Thus, nutritional ketosis may represent a unique treatment option for AUD: namely, a nutritional intervention that could be used alone or to augment the effects of medications.

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Relationship Between Craving and Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and Resistin Levels in Patients with Alcoholism

Cited by 28 publications

References 43 publications

Ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues in alcohol‐addicted subjects: a functional imaging study

Ghrelin modulates mesolimbic reactivity to alcohol cues in alcohol‐addicted subjects: a functional imaging study

Stress, Motivation, and the Gut–Brain Axis: A Focus on the Ghrelin System and Alcohol Use Disorder

Nutritional Ketosis as a Potential Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder

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