Relationship Between COVID-19 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: A Scoping Review

Sabermahani, Asma; Vahedian‐Azimi, Amir; Faizi, Fakhrudin; Rahimi–Bashar, Farshid; Shahriary, Alireza; Galeh, Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin; Nehrir, Batool; Guest, Paul C.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_5

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The liver function abnormalities like increased GGT are consistent with a direct cytotoxic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on cholangiocytes[ 15 , 18 ]. However, the expression of ACE-2 receptors is minimal on hepatocytes suggesting a significant contribution of indirect causes of liver damage rather than direct hepatoxicity[ 16 , 18 ]. The treatment of severe COVID-19 with antiviral agents, immunomodulators, antibiotics, or supportive agents, may also cause hepatotoxicity.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Liver Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and the liver: What do we know so far?

Nasa¹,

Alexander

2021

WJH

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unprecedented pressure on public health and healthcare. The pandemic surge and resultant lockdown have affected the standard-of-care of many medical conditions and diseases. The initial uncertainty and fear of cross transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have changed the routine management of patients with pre-existing liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma, and patients either listed for or received a liver transplant. COVID-19 is best described as a multisystem disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, and it can cause acute liver injury or decompensation of the pre-existing liver disease. There has been considerable research on the pathophysiology, infection transmission, and treatment of COVID-19 in the last few months. The pathogenesis of liver involvement in COVID-19 includes viral cytotoxicity, the secondary effect of immune dysregulation, hypoxia resulting from respiratory failure, ischemic damage caused by vascular endotheliitis, congestion because of right heart failure, or drug-induced liver injury. Patients with chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are at high risk for severe COVID-19 and mortality. The phase III trials of recently approved vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 did not include enough patients with pre-existing liver diseases and excluded immunocompromised patients or those on immunomodulators. This article reviews the currently published research on the effect of COVID-19 on the liver and the management of patients with pre-existing liver disease, including SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

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Section: Mechanism Of Liver Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and the liver: What do we know so far?

Nasa¹,

Alexander

2021

WJH

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“…The S protein is the coronavirus surface protein that mediates entry into susceptible cells. The S protein binds to its receptor, angiotensin-2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD) and is proteolytically-activated by human proteases [39]. Thus, inhibiting S protein binding to ACE2 by antibodies is the current goal of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.…”

Section: Novel Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervention Strategies for Seasonal and Emerging Respiratory Viruses with Drugs and Vaccines Targeting Viral Surface Glycoproteins

Tripp

Stambas

2021

Viruses

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Vaccines and therapeutics targeting viral surface glycoproteins are a major component of disease prevention for respiratory viral diseases. Over the years, vaccines have proven to be the most successful intervention for preventing disease. Technological advances in vaccine platforms that focus on viral surface glycoproteins have provided solutions for current and emerging pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, and our understanding of the structural basis for antibody neutralization is guiding the selection of other vaccine targets for respiratory viruses like RSV. This review discusses the role of viral surface glycoproteins in disease intervention approaches.

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“…To facilitate entry into the host cells, the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by the densely glycosylated S proteins embedded on the virion surface [18]. The receptor-binding domain (RBD; component of the S1 subunit) of the S protein targets the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [19]. The act of receptor engagement triggers the virus-host membrane fusion cascade resulting in viral entry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermal Delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine Induces Immunogenicity against Variants of Concern

et al. 2022

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The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to disrupt essential health services in 90 percent of countries today. The spike (S) protein found on the surface of the causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been the prime target for current vaccine research since antibodies directed against the S protein were found to neutralize the virus. However, as new variants emerge, mutations within the spike protein have given rise to potential immune evasion of the response generated by the current generation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, a modified, HexaPro S protein subunit vaccine, delivered using a needle-free high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP), was investigated for its immunogenicity and virus-neutralizing abilities. Mice given two doses of the vaccine candidate generated potent antibody responses capable of neutralizing the parental SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as the variants of concern, Alpha and Delta. These results demonstrate that this alternative vaccination strategy has the potential to mitigate the effect of emerging viral variants.

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Relationship Between COVID-19 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: A Scoping Review

Cited by 4 publications

References 101 publications

COVID-19 and the liver: What do we know so far?

COVID-19 and the liver: What do we know so far?

Intervention Strategies for Seasonal and Emerging Respiratory Viruses with Drugs and Vaccines Targeting Viral Surface Glycoproteins

Dermal Delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine Induces Immunogenicity against Variants of Concern

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