Relationship Between Contraceptive Method and Vaginal Flora

Peddie, Barbara A.; Bishop, Vicki; Bailey, Ross R.; McGill, Helen

doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.1984.tb01494.x

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…There was no significant difference in isolation percentage of Candida sp from test and control group of women aged 20–30 years which is consistent with the findings of Peddie, et al, [16] who reported no significant difference in contraceptives user and non-users when C. albicans was investigated. On the other hand, statistically significant difference in Candida sp compared to control was observed in women of age group 31–40 years which is not in agreement with the same study [16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Investigation of vaginal microbiota in sexually active women using hormonal contraceptives in Pakistan

2012

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BackgroundPrevious studies report association of contraceptives with moderate increase in urinary tract infection among sexually active premenopausal women. The aim of our study was to find out whether the use of hormonal contraceptives has any effect on microbiota of the vagina in the contraceptives users in Khairpur Sindh Pakistan.MethodsA prospective study in woman population of Khairpur Sindh Pakistan aged 20–30 years and 31–40 years, using Hormonal contraceptives was carried out. High vaginal swab samples (n = 100) were collected from the test populations as well as control group (n = 100) and investigated for vaginal microbial flora using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques.ResultsVaginal swabs culturing from hormonal contraceptives users in the age group 20–30 years showed statistically insignificant Candida sp (10% samples), and statistically significant (p < 0.05) Staphylococcus saprophyticus. (18% samples), Streptococcus agalactiae (23% samples), Escherichia coli (28% samples) and Lactobacillus fermentum (32% samples). In the age group 31–40 years, statistically significant percentage of samples (p < 0.05) showed Lactobacillus fermentum (28%), Candida sp (24%), and E. coli, (24%) where statistically insignificant samples showed Staphylococcus saprophyticus (13%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (11%).ConclusionsThe use of hormonal contraceptives alters the normal microbiota of vagina in women according to the age. Lactobacillus fermentum appeared as the predominant species followed by E. coli among the age group of 20–30 years and, Lactobacillus fermentum, Candida sp and E. coli as predominant among women of age group 31–40 years when compared to corresponding control groups. An inverse relationship between E. coli and Lactobacillus fermentum was observed in the women aged 20–30 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…On the other hand, statistically significant difference in Candida sp compared to control was observed in women of age group 31–40 years which is not in agreement with the same study [16]. This elaborates the importance of age factor as a crucial variable and determinant for vaginal ecology.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

Investigation of vaginal microbiota in sexually active women using hormonal contraceptives in Pakistan

2012

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“…Although diaphragm-spermicide use has been associated with E. coli vaginal colonization [20][21][22], the individual contributions of intercourse, spermicide use, and contraceptive method have been difficult to sort out. Our data show an incremental increase in the effects on E. coli vaginal colonization of spermicide use alone, cervical cap use, intercourse, and diaphragm-spermicide use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Contraceptive Method on the Vaginal Microbial Flora: A Prospective Evaluation

et al. 2000

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A prospective evaluation of 331 university women who were initiating use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), a cervical cap, diaphragm-spermicide, or other spermicidal methods was done to assess the effects of commonly used contraceptive methods on the vaginal flora. Vaginal introital cultures were performed at baseline and then weekly for 1 month. The prevalence of Escherichia coli vaginal colonization and of abnormal vaginal Gram stain scores (Nugent criteria) increased significantly among women using a cervical cap or diaphragm-spermicide but not among women using OCPs. Women with E. coli colonization were significantly more likely to have an abnormal Nugent score and an absence of lactobacilli. In a multivariate model, use of spermicidal contraception in the preceding week was associated with an abnormal Nugent score and with colonization with E. coli, Enterococcus species, and anaerobic gram-negative rods. Thus, spermicidal methods of contraception are associated with alterations of the vaginal microflora that consequently may predispose women to genitourinary infections.

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“…Prior studies have shown that IUD use is associated with vaginal colonization of Gram-positive cocci [22] and E. coli [23], which are important pathogens related to AV [1]. The presence of the tail of the IUD in the endocervix or in the vagina may favor the growth of vaginal aerobic bacteria, which presumably play a role in the pathogenesis of AV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Risk Factors for Aerobic Vaginitis: A Case-Control Study

Geng

Wu²,

Fan³

et al. 2015

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Aims: Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a newly defined clinical entity which may interfere with women's reproductive health and have negative effects on pregnancy. This study was to identify the risk factors for AV. Methods: Participants in this case-control study included healthy women and women with AV. All participants completed a standardized questionnaire covering sociodemographic factors, sexual behaviors, personal hygiene habits and health behaviors. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used for statistical evaluation. Results: A total of 290 women of reproductive age were enrolled. In the multivariate analysis, unmarried status (odds ratio [OR] 2.606, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.257-5.402), use of an intrauterine device (OR 4.989, 95% CI 1.922-12.952), long-term use of antibiotics (OR 11.176, 95% CI 1.363-91.666) and frequent vaginal douching (OR 4.689, 95% CI 1.363-16.135) were independent risk factors for AV. On the contrary, consistent condom use (OR 0.546, 95% CI 0.301-0.991) and college-level education or above (OR 0.255, 95% CI 0.131-0.497) were independent protective factors. Conclusion: Measures that may be considered to prevent AV include enhancing education to improve women's knowledge related to reproductive health, especially unmarried women, encouraging them to consistently use condoms as a contraceptive method, to avoid long-term use of antibiotics and to stop frequent vaginal douching.

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Relationship Between Contraceptive Method and Vaginal Flora

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Investigation of vaginal microbiota in sexually active women using hormonal contraceptives in Pakistan

Investigation of vaginal microbiota in sexually active women using hormonal contraceptives in Pakistan

Effects of Contraceptive Method on the Vaginal Microbial Flora: A Prospective Evaluation

Analysis of the Risk Factors for Aerobic Vaginitis: A Case-Control Study

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