Relationship Between Clinical Signs and Transmission of an Infectious Disease and the Implications for Control

Charleston, Bryan; Bankowski, Bartlomies M.; Gubbins, Simon; Chase-Topping, Margo; Schley, David; Howey, Richard; Barnett, P.V.; Gibson, Debi; Juleff, Nicholas; Woolhouse, Mark

doi:10.1126/science.1199884

Cited by 133 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…For instance, to estimate in detail the relation between infectiousness and within-host infection dynamics, one could perform experiments similar to the one described previously by Charleston et al [85]. In figure 6, we show an experimental set-up that would allow one to determine the relation between pathogen load, immune response, symptoms and how it relates to transmission potential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, sets of susceptible hosts are exposed to the infected host at various intervals to determine transmission. This could allow one to obtain a quantitative mapping between quantities such as pathogen load and symptoms and transmission potential [85]. It might even be possible to set up the experiment in such a way that potential contact behaviour changes in the infected host or the contacts can be measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By carefully measuring multiple pathogen, immune response and symptom variables of infected animals over the course of the infection, and further exposing uninfected animals at different times during the infection and recording if transmission occurred, it was possible to devise a model that mapped within-host infection quantities to transmission potential. This study showed that, in addition to virus load, factors such as lesions, temperature and interferon, among others, impacted transmission potential [85,86]. More studies of this nature are needed, and we return to that point in the discussion.…”

Section: Host Infectiousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We could not find any data for a human pathogen that would allow such a direct, quantitative mapping. One detailed study that seems to be the most advanced effort in that direction was done for foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in cattle [85]. By carefully measuring multiple pathogen, immune response and symptom variables of infected animals over the course of the infection, and further exposing uninfected animals at different times during the infection and recording if transmission occurred, it was possible to devise a model that mapped within-host infection quantities to transmission potential.…”

Section: Host Infectiousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between-host transmission fitness: a discussion of current assumptions and knowledge

Handel

Rohani

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

109

181

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The progression of an infection within a host determines the ability of a pathogen to transmit to new hosts and to maintain itself in the population. While the general connection between the infection dynamics within a host and the population-level transmission dynamics of pathogens is widely acknowledged, a comprehensive and quantitative understanding that would allow full integration of the two scales is still lacking. Here, we provide a brief discussion of both models and data that have attempted to provide quantitative mappings from within-host infection dynamics to transmission fitness. We present a conceptual framework and provide examples of studies that have taken first steps towards development of a quantitative framework that scales from within-host infections to population-level fitness of different pathogens. We hope to illustrate some general themes, summarize some of the recent advances and—maybe most importantly—discuss gaps in our ability to bridge these scales, and to stimulate future research on this important topic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Infectiousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Infectiousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between-host transmission fitness: a discussion of current assumptions and knowledge

Handel

Rohani

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

109

181

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Ideally, this sampling would occur at regular intervals from randomly selected animals, providing an unbiased picture of disease dynamics in the focal population. This approach can be adapted to any disease for which the time course of multiple clinical outcomes, including diagnostic measures or signs of disease, have been characterized by experimental infection studies or close observation of natural infections [33]. Given different time scales associated with different clinical outcomes, such analyses would open broader opportunities to reconstruct the histories of exposure prior to sampling.…”

Section: (C) Broader Applications Of Multi-stream Surveillance Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferring patterns of influenza transmission in swine from multiple streams of surveillance data

et al. 2013

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Swine populations are known to be an important source of new human strains of influenza A, including those responsible for global pandemics. Yet our knowledge of the epidemiology of influenza in swine is dismayingly poor, as highlighted by the emergence of the 2009 pandemic strain and the paucity of data describing its origins. Here, we analyse a unique dataset arising from surveillance of swine influenza at a Hong Kong abattoir from 1998 to 2010. We introduce a state–space model that estimates disease exposure histories by joint inference from multiple modes of surveillance, integrating both virological and serological data. We find that an observed decrease in virus isolation rates is not due to a reduction in the regional prevalence of influenza. Instead, a more likely explanation is increased infection of swine in production farms, creating greater immunity to disease early in life. Consistent with this, we find that the weekly risk of exposure on farms equals or exceeds the exposure risk during transport to slaughter. We discuss potential causes for these patterns, including competition between influenza strains and shifts in the Chinese pork industry, and suggest opportunities to improve knowledge and reduce prevalence of influenza in the region.

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Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease

Belsham

Charleston

Jackson

et al. 2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Foot‐and‐mouth disease ( FMD ) is an economically important, highly contagious disease of cloven‐hoofed animals characterised by the appearance of vesicles (blisters) on the feet and in, and around, the mouth. The causative agent, foot‐and‐mouth disease virus ( FMDV ), was the first mammalian virus to be discovered. It has a ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) genome enclosed within a protein coat (capsid). The virus replicates very rapidly within the cytoplasm of cells. The RNA genome has to function both as a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) and as a template for RNA replication. The RNA encodes a single large polyprotein that is processed, by virus‐encoded proteases, to about 12 mature products (plus functionally important precursors) that are required for virus replication and assembly. Some of these viral proteins modify host cell activities to block antivirus defence systems. Thus, this small virus displays a remarkably complex array of biological activities. Key Concepts Foot‐and‐mouth disease has worldwide economic importance. Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) is able to infect a wide range of different cloven‐hoofed animals. Seven different serotypes of FMDV are known and there is considerable antigenic diversity within each serotype. FMDV uses specific cell‐surface molecules (including specific integrins) as receptors to gain entry into cells. The viral RNA is sufficient to initiate an infection. The RNA displays diverse activities, as a messenger RNA, as a template for RNA replication and as the genome. The virus‐encoded polyprotein is processed by proteases present within itself to make about 12 different mature products (plus important precursors). Viral proteins are required both for viral RNA replication and virus assembly; in addition, some also modify specific cellular functions in order to block host antiviral responses. Current vaccines rely on the production and then chemical inactivation of infectious virus. Non‐infectious empty capsid particles can be produced, which are candidates as new, safer vaccines.

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Relationship Between Clinical Signs and Transmission of an Infectious Disease and the Implications for Control

Cited by 133 publications

References 18 publications

Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between-host transmission fitness: a discussion of current assumptions and knowledge

Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between-host transmission fitness: a discussion of current assumptions and knowledge

Inferring patterns of influenza transmission in swine from multiple streams of surveillance data

Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease

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