Relationship between Breastfeeding and Obesity in Childhood

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the weight status and the relationship of infant-feeding variables, birthweight and birth order with BMI in a group of Iranian children. Five hundred and eleven students of both sexes at the first grade in elementary schools (aged 7 years) were recruited randomly from all 19 educational districts of Tehran. Weights and heights of children and their mothers were measured. Data on breastfeeding (BF), formula-feeding, the timing of introduction of complementary foods (CF), birthweight, and birth order were collected from the mothers. The 2007 WHO reference value was used for determining child's weight status. Regression analysis in single and a 2-level linear regression models was used for examining the independent relationships of infant-feeding variables, birthweight and birth order with childhood BMI. The prevalence of underweight and overweight in this group of children was 7.6% and 19.7%, respectively. Total time of BF and duration of exclusive BF were not associated with childhood BMI. The timing of introduction of CF was inversely related to childhood BMI after controlling for other variables (β:-0.34; 95% CI:-0.58,-0.10). Children with an early introduction of CF had significantly higher mean BMI (p for linear trend=0.012). Birth order and birthweight were related to childhood BMI significantly. These data suggest that overweight and obesity are nutritional problems among 7 years old Teharani children. The timing of introduction of CF, birth order, and birthweight were independent predictors of childhood BMI. Neither total time of BF nor duration of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with adiposity in children.

The prevalence and risk factors of excessive body mass in the children of an Azerbaidjan population aged from 2 to 5 years

“…Полученные показатели интерпретировались с помощью классификации, основанной на Z-скор (единицы стандартного отклонения (СО) от средне-го стандарта). Стандартное распределение Z-скор ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭНДОКРИНОЛОГИИ, 4,2014 для каждого показателя имеет среднее 0,0 и стан-дартное отклонение 1,0. Значение Z-скор, равное +1, соответствует 84,5-му процентилю при стан-дартном распределении, тогда как Z-скор, равный 2, соответствует 97,7-му процентилю стандартного распределения.…”

“…Нужно отме-тить, что сельское население нашей страны неохот-но готовит пищу отдельно для ребенка. Так, каши давали всего лишь 35,8% в 1-й и 35,1% во 2-й группе детей (в основном рисовую и манную домашнего ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭНДОКРИНОЛОГИИ, 4,2014 приготовления). К сожалению, до сих пор традици-онно в сельской местности детей кормят мучной смесью (4,7 и 5,4% в 1-й и 2-й группе соответствен-но).…”

“…Выявлена сильная кор-реляция ожирения у детей с избыточной массой тела матери до беременности, большой массой тела при рождении ребенка [1,2]. Свидетельства в пользу продолжительности грудного вскармливания, сро-ков введения твердой пищи [3], социально-эконо-мического статуса при рождении и семейного стату-са матерей противоречивы [4][5][6][7]. Исключительно грудное вскармливание в первые месяцы жизни, по мнению одних авторов [8,9], оказывает протектив-ный эффект, а по мнению других [10,11], неспособ-но предотвратить развитие ожирения.…”

Assessment of Obesity, Presumed and Proven Causes and Prevention Strategies: A Review

“…Not breast feeding a child or shortened breast feeding duration : Several studies have shown that babies who were not breastfed at all but rather fed on infant formula, or babies who had very short duration of breastfeeding, had a higher rates of obesity and overweight compared to babies breast fed for long duration [69]. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on the other hand have been suggested to be protective factors in obesity in children, [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]. There is also high risk of obesity in both mothers and babies if mothers did not breast feed [78].…”

“…Food portion sizes; increased food consumption [47][48][49] High intake of total fat, saturated fat and trans fat [50,51] Fast food/Fried foods, [52][53][54][55] Junk food [56][57] -Soft drinks (sodas and sweetened beverages); -high caloric drinks,( sweetened & caffeinated beverages, juices, sugary drinks, juice blends); -Energy drinks [57][58][59][60][61] Alcoholic drinks [62] Overeating, binge eating, mindless eating and excessive snacking [56,62,63] Consumption of High fructose corn syrup and artificial sweeteners [55,59,[62][63][64] Insufficient dietary calcium intake or low dairy intake [67] Low intake of fiber , and Low intake of fruits and vegetables in foods [68,69] Not breastfeeding or short breastfeeding duration ; formula feeding instead of breastfeeding [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78] Intestinal microbes [79][80][81][82][83] Antibiotics in human foods [84][85]…”