Relationship between Advanced Glycation End Products and Steroidogenesis in PCOS

Garg, Deepika; Merhi, Zaher

doi:10.1186/s12958-016-0205-6

Cited by 46 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…The reasons are multi-factorial; clinicians face the dilemma of considering whether PCOS is a metabolic, reproductive, or endocrine disorder. These ovarian dysfunctions can be a collective of all disorders and can be summed up as an interrelated disease [88][89][90][91][92][93] (Table 3).…”

Section: Ages and Women's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protein levels revealed an upregulation of RAGE in the circulatory monocyte, along with high levels of serum AGEs in women suffering from PCOS, who were insulin resistant but not hyperglycemic. The interaction of AGE-RAGE also exhibits a critical role in down-regulating the signal cascade, thus altering steroidogenesis in the reproductive organs of women with PCOS [90,108]. Lysyl oxidase also interacts with AGE signaling to modulate collagen synthesis in PCOS [98].…”

Section: Ages and Women's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a) An illustration of the role of dietary advanced glycation end products and common lifestyle disorders. Graphic interpretation of the relationship of diseases with serum levels of AGEs and RAGE[15,90]. RAGE: Receptor for Advanced glycation end products; PCOS: polycystic ovarian syndrome; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; BMI: Body mass index; IS: Insulin Sensitivity; GM: Glucose metabolism; AA: amino acid; FA oxidation: fatty acid oxidation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health

et al. 2019

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The Maillard reaction is a simple but ubiquitous reaction that occurs both in vivo and ex vivo during the cooking or processing of foods under high-temperature conditions, such as baking, frying, or grilling. Glycation of proteins is a post-translational modification that forms temporary adducts, which, on further crosslinking and rearrangement, form permanent residues known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs. This review underlines the basis of AGE formation and their corresponding deleterious effects on the body. Glycated Maillard products have a direct association with the pathophysiology of some metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), acute renal failure (ARF), Alzheimer’s disease, dental health, allergies, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The most glycated and structurally abundant protein is collagen, which acts as a marker for diabetes and aging, where decreased levels indicate reduced skin elasticity. In diabetes, high levels of AGEs are associated with carotid thickening, ischemic heart disease, uremic cardiomyopathy, and kidney failure. AGEs also mimic hormones or regulate/modify their receptor mechanisms at the DNA level. In women, a high AGE diet directly correlates with high levels of androgens, anti-Müllerian hormone, insulin, and androstenedione, promoting ovarian dysfunction and/or infertility. Vitamin D3 is well-associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS and modulates steroidogenesis. It also exhibits a protective mechanism against the harmful effects of AGEs. This review elucidates and summarizes the processing of infant formula milk and the associated health hazards. Formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the newborn as a substitute for mother’s milk, formula milk is a rich source of primary adducts, such as carboxy-methyl lysine, which render an infant prone to inflammation, dementia, food allergies, and other diseases. We therefore recommend that understanding this post-translational modification is the key to unlocking the mechanisms and physiology of various metabolic syndromes.

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Section: Ages and Women's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ages and Women's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health

et al. 2019

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“…An additional problem, contributing to abnormal steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis in women with PCOS, is the elevated level of harmful advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are accumulated in the ovaries [ 9 , 55 ]. AGEs, also referred to as “glycotoxins”, are highly reactive molecules formed after the glycation of lipids and proteins as the byproducts of the Maillard reaction.…”

Section: Leading Factors In Pcos Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, hyperandrogenism can lead to, e.g., hirsutism, acne and androgenic alopecia. The majority of PCOS cases are accompanied by metabolic abnormalities, such as obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia or elevated levels of the advanced glycation end products [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Search of New Therapeutics—Molecular Aspects of the PCOS Pathophysiology: Genetics, Hormones, Metabolism and Beyond

Wawrzkiewicz-Jałowiecka

Kowalczyk

Trybek

et al. 2020

IJMS

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In a healthy female reproductive system, a subtle hormonal and metabolic dance leads to repetitive cyclic changes in the ovaries and uterus, which make an effective ovulation and potential implantation of an embryo possible. However, that is not so in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in which case the central mechanism responsible for entraining hormonal and metabolic rhythms during the menstrual cycle is notably disrupted. In this review we provide a detailed description of the possible scenario of PCOS pathogenesis. We begin from the analysis of how a set of genetic disorders related to PCOS leads to particular malfunctions at a molecular level (e.g., increased enzyme activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) type 17A1 (17α-hydroxylase), 3β-HSD type II and CYP type 11A1 (side-chain cleavage enzyme) in theca cells, or changes in the expression of aquaporins in granulosa cells) and discuss further cellular- and tissue-level consequences (e.g., anovulation, elevated levels of the advanced glycation end products in ovaries), which in turn lead to the observed subsequent systemic symptoms. Since gene-editing therapy is currently out of reach, herein special emphasis is placed on discussing what kinds of drug targets and which potentially active substances seem promising for an effective medication, acting on the primary causes of PCOS on a molecular level.

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Patuletin Ameliorates Inflammation and Letrozole–Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Rats

Shah,

Noorali,

Faizi

et al. 2024

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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Concerns about inflammation‐related issues affecting female reproductive health are growing. Chronic low‐grade inflammation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects follicular growth, ovulation, and androgen production. The present investigation aimed to elucidate the efficacy of flavonoid patuletin in ameliorating the letrozole–induced PCOS and associated inflammation in rats. Female Wistar rats (32 days old) were divided into five groups (n = 12): Group I, control; Group II, vehicle control; Group III, letrozole oral (1 mg/kg) for 28 days; Group IV and Group V treatment groups, patuletin i.p. (25 mg/kg) and clomiphene citrate + metformin i.p. (50 mg/kg + 300 mg/kg), respectively. Leterozole–induced PCOS and ovarian inflammation were ameliorated by patuletin, as reflected in the improved histopathology, prevention of cyst formation, significant upregulation of growth factors such as growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF‐9) and bone morphogenetic protein‐15 (BMP‐15) expression, and a decrease in the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐6, and COX‐2. Additionally, the plasma levels of reproductive hormones were restored. Upregulation of FSH‐R, PR, and CYP19a1, along with downregulation of ERα, LHR, CYP17a1, CYP11a1 and HSDβ17a1, showed the regulation of gonadotropin receptors and steroid biosynthesis genes in ovarian tissues. Patuletin demonstrated a promising protective approach against the biological model of PCOS by increasing the inflammation in ovarian tissues with consequent regulation of growth factors, enzymes, and hormones, and might be used as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of problems related to female reproductive health.

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Relationship between Advanced Glycation End Products and Steroidogenesis in PCOS

Cited by 46 publications

References 102 publications

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health

In Search of New Therapeutics—Molecular Aspects of the PCOS Pathophysiology: Genetics, Hormones, Metabolism and Beyond

Patuletin Ameliorates Inflammation and Letrozole–Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Rats

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