“…Variations of IPR have been utilized to illumine clients’ experiences of many types of significant moments in psychotherapy, which Elliott and James (1989) define as “clients’ sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings during, and with reference to, therapy sessions” (p. 444). For example, psychotherapy process researchers have utilized IPR to explore experiences of sadness (Henretty et al, 2008), resistance (Morrison et al, 2017), empathy (MacFarlane et al, 2017), disengagement (Frankel & Levitt, 2009), pauses (Levitt, 2001), and the therapeutic relationship (Lavik et al, 2022). Other studies have tapped into specific therapeutic processes within varying theoretical modalities or interventions, including unresolved anger in the context of relational reframe and empty-chair interventions (Narkiss-Guez et al, 2015), self-focused experiences in person-centered therapy (Moerman & McLeod, 2006), and intervention effectiveness based on implementation over time (Levitt et al, 2006).…”