Relationship among Gait Parameters while Walking with Varying Loads

Demur, Tomohiro; Demura, Shinichi

doi:10.2114/jpa2.29.29

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Numerous back-loading studies have demonstrated decreases in self-selected walking speed in proportion to added mass, resulting in a fairly constant CoL and heat production independent of loads (Myles and Saunders, 1979; Haisman, 1988; Demura and Demura, 2010). Reducing preferred walking speed in response to loads may be explained by the fact that preferred speed appears to be selected partly based on minimizing lower limb muscle activation (Ackermann and Van den Bogert, 2010; Miller et al, 2012), as the extra muscle force required to carry loads is produced by the lower limb muscles (Ghori and Luckwill, 1985; Griffin et al, 2003; Demura and Demura, 2010). Here, preferred speed for unloaded walking was reasonably close to the SPMinCoT (within the fairly flat part of the CoT curve); as frontal loads increased, the preferred speed chosen by our participants was reduced significantly compared to SPMinCoT (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive costs for everyone: How female loads impact human mobility strategies

Wall-Scheffler

Myers

2013

Journal of Human Evolution

107

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While mobility strategies are considered important in understanding selection pressures on individuals, testing hypotheses of such strategies requires high resolution datasets, particularly at intersections between morphology, ecology and energetics. Here we present data on interactions between morphology and energetics in regards to the cost of walking for reproductive women and place these data into a specific ecological context of time and heat load. Frontal loads (up to 16% of body mass), as during pregnancy and child-carrying, significantly slow the optimal and preferred walking speed of women, significantly increase cost at the optimal speed, and make it significantly more costly for women to walk with other people. We further show for the first time significant changes in the curvature in the Cost of Transport curve for human walking, as driven by frontal loads. The impact of these frontal loads on females, and the populations to which they belong, would have been magnified by time constraints due to seasonal changes in day length at high latitudes and thermoregulatory limitations at low latitudes. However, wider pelves increase both stride length and speed flexibility, providing a morphological offset for load-related costs. Longer lower limbs also increase stride length. Observed differences between preferred and energetically optimal speeds with frontal loading suggest that speed choices of women carrying reproductive loads might be particularly sensitive to changes in heat load. Our findings show that female reproductive costs, particularly those related to locomotion, would have meaningfully shaped the mobility strategies of the hominin lineage, as well as modern foraging populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive costs for everyone: How female loads impact human mobility strategies

Wall-Scheffler

Myers

2013

Journal of Human Evolution

107

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“…Gait properties were measured by a gait analysis system (Walk Way MG-1000, Anima, Japan) in reference to a previous study [11]. The MG-1000 with plate sensors can determine time, dimensions and the distance of the foot or feet when the foot touches its surface and can measure grounding/non-grounding on the bearing surface as an on/off signal.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of gait properties during level walking and stair ascent and descent with varying loads

Demura¹,

Demura²,

Shin³

2010

Health

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This study aimed to compare gait properties during level walking and during stair ascent and descent with varying loads. Fifteen healthy young men (mean age: 22.1 ± 1.6 years) walked while holding four different loads relative to each subject’s body mass (0, 20, 40 and 60% of body mass: BM) on their backs. Stance time, swing time, and double support times were selected as gait parameters. All parameters showed a maximal value during stair ascent and a minimum value during level walking. Stance and double support times increased significan- tly with each load during level walking and during stair ascent and descent. In conclusion, st- air ascent and descent creates more unstable movement than level walking regardless of the weight of the load. The effect of loads on gait increases with the weight of the load and becomes obvious once the load exceeds 60% of BM

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“…During loaded walking, young adults show an increased spatio-temporal gait variability, double support time, decreased step length (Dames and Smith, 2015;Demura and Demura, 2010;Huang and Kuo, 2014;Qu and Yeo, 2011) and local dynamic stability in the anteriorposterior (Liu and Lockhart, 2013), medio-lateral, and vertical directions (Liu and Lockhart, 2013;Qu, 2013). Older adults have demonstrated a similar adaptation in spatio-temporal gait variables in loaded conditions with increases in double support time and step width (Kubinski and Higginson, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of stable and unstable load carriage on walking gait variability, dynamic stability and muscle activity of older adults

Walsh

Low

Arkesteijn

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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Load carriage perturbs the neuromuscular system, which can be impaired due to ageing. The ability to counteract perturbations is an indicator of neuromuscular function but if the response is insufficient the risk of falls will increase. However, it is unknown how load carriage affects older adults. Fourteen older adults (65 ± 6 years) attended a single visit during which they performed 4 min of walking in 3 conditions, unloaded, stable backpack load and unstable backpack load. During each walking trial, 3-dimensional kinematics of the lower limb and trunk movements and electromyographic activity of 6 lower limb muscles were recorded. The local dynamic stability (local divergence exponents), joint angle variability and spatio-temporal variability were determined along with muscle activation magnitudes. Medio-lateral dynamic stability was lower (p = 0.018) and step width (p = 0.019) and step width variability (p = 0.015) were greater in unstable load walking and step width variability was greater in stable load walking (p = 0.009) compared to unloaded walking. However, there was no effect on joint angle variability. Unstable load carriage increased activity of the Rectus Femoris (p = 0.001) and Soleus (p = 0.043) and stable load carriage increased Rectus Femoris activity (p = 0.006). These results suggest that loaded walking alters the gait of older adults and that unstable load carriage reduces dynamic stability compared to unloaded walking. This can potentially increase the risk of falls, but also offers the potential to use unstable loads as part of fall prevention programmes.

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Relationship among Gait Parameters while Walking with Varying Loads

Cited by 46 publications

References 22 publications

Reproductive costs for everyone: How female loads impact human mobility strategies

Reproductive costs for everyone: How female loads impact human mobility strategies

Comparison of gait properties during level walking and stair ascent and descent with varying loads

Effect of stable and unstable load carriage on walking gait variability, dynamic stability and muscle activity of older adults

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