Relationship among Extrusion Conditions, Cell Morphology, and Properties of Starch‐Based Foams—A Review

Dircio‐Morales, Marco Antonio; Fonseca‐Florido, Heidi A.; Velázquez, Gonzalo; Ávila‐Orta, Carlos A.; Valle, Luis Francisco Ramos‐de; Hernández‐Gámez, Francisco; Rivera-Salinas, Jorge E.; Soriano‐Corral, Florentino

doi:10.1002/star.202200103

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 77 publications

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“…Starch-based foams can also be processed by extrusion. Extrusion has some advantages compared to baking as it is a continuous process, which can lower the production costs, besides producing a homogeneous mixing with lower residence times [389]. The extrusion of a mixture of starch and water at temperatures above 100 • C originates pores due to water evaporation and steam expansion as the material exits the die.…”

Section: Starchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives

Gonçalves,

Reis,

Fernandes

2024

Polymers

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The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.

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Section: Starchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives

Gonçalves,

Reis,

Fernandes

2024

Polymers

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Effects of polyvinyl alcohol content and hydrolysis degree on the structure and properties of extruded starch-based foams

Liu

Zhang

Xiao

et al. 2023

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Pore structure and cushioning properties of wastepaper-pulp-reinforced starch-based foams

Zheng,

Li,

Gao

2024

Green Materials

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Foamed plastics do not readily degrade, but degradable starch foam has uneven pores and poor mechanical properties. To improve the cushioning performance of starch foams, a sustainable starch-based packaging cushioning material is prepared via microwave foaming using waste corrugated paper fibers as the reinforcement material. The effects of different fiber contents on the structure and cushioning properties of starch-based foams are studied, and the possibility of replacing petroleum-based foams is discussed through comparisons with conventional cushioning materials. The results indicate that the pore structure of starch-based foaming materials can be controlled by changing the fiber dosage, and a small or excessive amount of fiber is not conducive to the uniform foaming of starch-based composite foams. When 3 g of waste-paper fiber (17.6% by weight of the starch) is added, the average diameter of the starch-based foam pores is small, the pore size distribution is relatively uniform, the minimum buffer coefficient is 4.38, and the mechanical properties are closer to those of expanded polystyrene (EPS). A peak acceleration of 942.89 m/s2 is obtained from the packaging parts with starch-based foaming materials after drop testing, which reduced the impact load by nearly 50% compared to packaging without the cushioning liner. This has the potential to become a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based packaging foams.

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Relationship among Extrusion Conditions, Cell Morphology, and Properties of Starch‐Based Foams—A Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 77 publications

Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives

Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives

Effects of polyvinyl alcohol content and hydrolysis degree on the structure and properties of extruded starch-based foams

Pore structure and cushioning properties of wastepaper-pulp-reinforced starch-based foams

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