Relation of Weight and Rate of Increase in Weight During Childhood and Adolescence to Body Size, Blood Pressure, Fasting Insulin, and Lipids in Young Adults

Sinaiko, Alan R.; Donahue, Richard P.; Jacobs, David R.; Prineas, Ronald J.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.11.1471

Cited by 336 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Of the eight studies considering the relationship between childhood BMI and adult blood pressure (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34) , six showed positive associations (27)(28)(29)(32)(33)(34) . However, when adjusted for adult BMI, only two associations remained positive (32,33) and four studies demonstrated significant negative associations (i.e.…”

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly the data were mixed for TAG in the unadjusted data sets (28)(29)(30)41) , but only negative associations were reported for data sets adjusted for BMI (29,30) . Three out of six (28)(29)(30)(42)(43)(44) studies looking at insulin concentrations or resistance showed a positive association with childhood BMI (28,29,42) , but these were again attenuated or reversed with adjustment for BMI. Similarly to the cardiovascular outcomes, the two studies using older adult cohorts showed negative relationships with childhood BMI (30,43) .…”

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is estimated to be 35 %. These trends are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. The aim of this review was to investigate the long-term implications of childhood obesity for metabolic and cardiovascular health, focusing on the independent contribution of childhood obesity to adult disease risk, as distinct from associations mediated by tracking of obesity across the lifespan. The data systematically reviewed provide little evidence to suggest that childhood overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular risk during adulthood. Instead, the data demonstrate that the relationships observed are dependent on tracking of BMI between childhood and adulthood, alongside persistence of dietary patterns and physical activity. Adjustment for adult BMI uncovers unexpected negative associations between childhood BMI and adult disease, suggesting a protective effect of childhood obesity at any given level of adult BMI. Further work is required to explain these findings, both in terms of pathways and statistical artefacts. To conclude, it must be stressed that it is not suggested that childhood obesity is without negative consequence. Childhood obesity is clearly associated with a range of adverse physical and psychological outcomes. However, the data are important in supporting a positive message that the long-term consequences of childhood obesity are avoidable; and that there remains opportunity for intervention across the lifespan. This nuance in understanding long-term risk is important when considering the effectiveness of interventions at different stages of the lifespan. Childhood: Obesity: Metabolic syndrome: Cardiovascular disease: Blood pressureThe worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is currently estimated to be 35 %, rising to over 70 % in some population groups, with rates of obesity nearly doubling between 1980 and 2008 (1) . This is a global phenomenon, with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in low-and middleincome countries on the rise, mirroring their transition to the obesogenic environments more commonly associated with 'Western' living. The relationship between obesity and risk of non-communicable disease in adulthood has long been established, with a wealth of evidence demonstrating the considerable impact of excess adiposity on the health and wellbeing of populations (2) . The trends in adult overweight and obesity are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. It has been estimated that 200 million school-aged children were overweight or obese in 2010 worldwide, with a prevalence of >20 % in European states and >30 % in regions of North America (3) . In the UK, the 2007 Foresight report showed that about 8-10 % of girls and boys were obese in 2004, and this was projected to rise to an estimated 25 % by 2050 (4)...

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Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…3 Weight increases during adolescence have also been associated with fasting insulin, HDL-cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure in young adulthood. 4 Furthermore, childhood and adolescent obesity are significant predictors of overweight status in adulthood [5][6][7] and pose a risk factor for adult morbidity and mortality, particularly for males. 8,9 The recent Surgeon General's 'Call to Action' 10 describes overweight and obesity as a public health epidemic, with specific focus on the impact of overweight for children and adolescents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Adventure therapy’ combined with cognitive-behavioral treatment for overweight adolescents

et al. 2005

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Objective: Since peers have such an important influence on adolescents, we evaluated the efficacy of adding peer-based 'adventure therapy' to a standard cognitive-behavioral weight control program for overweight adolescents. Methods: Adolescents (N ¼ 76) aged 13-16 years and 20 to 80% overweight (M ¼ 60.56%, s.d. ¼ 15.17%), were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: cognitive-behavioral group treatment with 'adventure therapy' similar to Outward Bound s (cognitive-behavioral treatment with peer-enhanced adventure therapy (CBT þ PEAT)) or cognitive-behavioral group treatment with aerobic exercise (CBT þ EXER). Anthropometric and psychosocial measures were obtained at baseline, at the end of the 16-week intervention, and at 10 months following randomization. Results: Adolescents assigned to both treatment conditions demonstrated significant weight loss over time, F ¼ 29.06, df ¼ 2, 53, Po0.01. Average weight loss did not differ significantly between groups (À5.31 kg for CBT þ PEAT and À3.20 kg for CBT þ EXER) at the end of treatment. There was a significant difference in the percentage of participants maintaining a minimum 4.5 kg (10 pounds) weight loss (35% in the CBT þ PEAT condition vs 12% in the CBT þ EXER condition, P ¼ 0.042) 10 months from randomization. We also observed a significant age by treatment group interaction, such that older adolescents randomized to CBT þ PEAT demonstrated more than four times the weight loss of older adolescents assigned to CBT þ EXER (M ¼ À7.86 kg vs M ¼ À1.72 kg) at the end of treatment. Conclusions: Peer-based 'adventure therapy' is a promising adjunct to standard cognitive-behavioral weight control intervention for adolescents, and may be most effective for older adolescents.

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“…Obesity is associated with elevated levels of fasting insulin and lower insulin sensitivity. [3][4][5] In obese adults, ghrelin concentrations are lower than in normal weight control subjects. 6,7 Weight loss led to an increase of plasma ghrelin in adults and children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of ghrelin is related to estimated insulin sensitivity in obese children

Krohn

Boczan

Otto³

et al. 2006

Int J Obes

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Objective: To investigate whether ghrelin concentrations and their changes during weight loss in obese children are associated with parameters of glucose and insulin metabolism. Design: Total plasma ghrelin, insulin and glucose were measured during oral glucose tolerance testing before and after dietinduced weight loss over 6 weeks. Setting: In-patient rehabilitation program in a pediatric hospital. Participants: Twenty-three obese children (age 10-16 years) and 11 normal weight controls (age 10-15 years). Outcome measures: Changes in ghrelin concentrations during weight loss and correlation analysis of changes in ghrelin and changes in parameters of glucose and insulin metabolism. After data collection, subgroup analysis of obese patients with high, medium and low estimated insulin sensitivity whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) was performed. Results: Weight loss increased the area under the curve (AUC) of ghrelin by 26% (Po0.001). The increase in ghrelin AUC correlated significantly with improved estimated insulin sensitivity (WBISI) (r ¼ 0.69, Po0.001). The independent predicting effect of WBISI was confirmed in multivariate analysis. In children with low WBISI, ghrelin reached the level of control values after weight loss. In children with high WBISI, ghrelin increased markedly above control levels. Conclusions: Changes in ghrelin are independently associated with changes in glucose and insulin metabolism. The increase in plasma ghrelin above control levels was limited to obese children with high WBISI.

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Relation of Weight and Rate of Increase in Weight During Childhood and Adolescence to Body Size, Blood Pressure, Fasting Insulin, and Lipids in Young Adults

Cited by 336 publications

References 51 publications

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

‘Adventure therapy’ combined with cognitive-behavioral treatment for overweight adolescents

Regulation of ghrelin is related to estimated insulin sensitivity in obese children

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