Relation of regimens of combined hormone replacement therapy to lobular, ductal, and other histologic types of breast carcinoma

Abstract

Heterogeneous photoreactor modeling is a task complicated by the integro‐differential nature of the Radiation Transfer Equation (RTE) when scattering phenomena are important. In the present work, a novel “Six Flux Model” (SFM) is proposed, which may be regarded as a step forward with respect to the previously proposed “Two Flux Model” (TFM). In order to validate the newly proposed model, Monte Carlo simulations of an indefinite plane‐slab photoreactor have been performed. As no simplifying assumptions are involved in this case, the information obtained may be regarded as “pseudo‐experimental,” and therefore compared with the predictions of both TFM and SFM models. Results show that the novel SFM is able to closely match the exact solution of the RTE better than the TFM, still retaining the TFM advantage of a simple closed‐form solution, that is, ease of use, clearer effect of model parameters, and so forth. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006

Reproductive factors and subtypes of breast cancer defined by hormone receptor and histology

“…Although some evidence exists that lobular tumours are more strongly associated with hormonal risk factors such as postmenopausal hormone use and oral contraceptive use (Li et al, 2000;Daling et al, 2002) than ductal tumours, this has not been found in all studies . Further, one study found that early age at menarche, late age at menopause and obesity are more strongly associated with ductal tumours than lobular tumours (Li et al, 2003).…”

An overview of menopausal oestrogen–progestin hormone therapy and breast cancer risk

“…Four of the 10 studies had information on histology (Schairer et al, 2000;Daling et al, 2002;Newcomb et al, 2002;Ursin et al, 2002); Ursin et al (2002) used data from the study of Ross et al (2000) and Daling et al (2002) from the study of Weiss et al (2002). No information was available by histologic subtype from the CGHFBC report.…”

“…For this analysis we did not include studies that presented results only for overall HT, nor did we include studies that only evaluated ET use, nor studies only evaluating breast cancer mortality. A total of 22 studies were identified for possible inclusion (Persson et al, 1996(Persson et al, , 1997Magnusson et al, 1999;Li et al, 2000Li et al, , 2002Li et al, , 2003Moorman et al, 2000;Rockhill et al, 2000;Ross et al, 2000;Schairer et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2002;Daling et al, 2002;Kirsh and Kreiger, 2002;Newcomb et al, 2002;Newcomer et al, 2003;Porch et al, 2002;Ursin et al, 2002;Weiss et al, 2002;Chlebowski et al, 2003;Jernstrom et al, 2003;Million Women Study, 2003;Olsson et al, 2003;Stahlberg et al, 2004). As age at menopause is a critical factor in assessing HT use and breast cancer risk (Pike et al, 1998), we excluded those studies that did not adjust for age at menopause: this criterion excluded five studies (Persson et al, 1997;Moorman et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2002;Li et al, 2002Li et al, , 2003.…”

“…Since then, a number of statistically powerful studies have evaluated EPT in relation to breast cancer risk. Some of these further evaluated differences in risk by schedule of progestin administration, that is, sequential vs continuous-combined use (Magnusson et al, 1999;Ross et al, 2000;Schairer et al, 2000;Newcomb et al, 2002;Porch et al, 2002;Weiss et al, 2002; Million Women Study, 2003;Olsson et al, 2003;Stahlberg et al, 2004), and in relation to histologic subtype of breast cancer (Schairer et al, 2000;Daling et al, 2002;Newcomb et al, 2002;Newcomer et al, 2003;Ursin et al, 2002;Weiss et al, 2002).We conducted a meta-analysis of the results reported by the CGHFBC and studies published since that overview through March 2004 to provide a more precise estimate of the risk from EPT and how it is affected by schedule of progestin administration and histologic subtype. …”

Established breast cancer risk factors by clinically important tumour characteristics

“…Specifically, combined oestrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (Li et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2002;Daling et al, 2002;Newcomb et al, 2002;Li et al, 2003;Newcomer et al, 2003), and possibly late age at first birth (LiVolsi et al, 1982;Ewertz and Duffy, 1988;Stalsberg et al, 1989) may be more strongly associated with lobular as compared to ductal carcinomas. Epidemiologic data also suggest that hormone-related risk factors vary by hormone receptor status (Althuis et al, 2004).…”