Relation of random activity to food deprivation.

Campbell, Byron A.; Sheffield, Fred D.

doi:10.1037/h0062866

Cited by 177 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These results suggest that the behavioral manifestations of food deprivation are in part dependent upon the presence of environmental stimuli. Similar results have been reported by Campbell & Sheffield (1953) and Teghtsoonian & Campbell (1960) who found that food deprivation did not elicit increases in general activity unless environmental stimulation was also present. The present study confirms this suggestion and in addition indicates that the type of activity elicited by food deprivation and environmental stimuli is not random but specific and directed at objects or stimuli within the environment.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Effects of food deprivation on object and nonobject directed behavior in the rat

Kamback

1966

Psychon Sci

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Effects of food deprivation on object and nonobject directed behavior in the rat 1 The motivational effects of food deprivation have long been a subject of considerable controversy, especially in regard to its effects on general activity. Studies using activity wheels have generally reported increases in activity as a function of increased food deprivation whereas mixed results have been reported when stablimeters or beam interruption devices have been used (Baumeister, Hawkins, & Cromwell, 1964). In 1963, Bolles attempted to circumvent methodological artifacts by using a direct observational technique and found that food deprivation produced changes in the patterning of behavior characterized by increases in general acti vity and compensatory decreases in grooming and sleeping behavior. Since the observed changes were cyclic in nature, Bolles suggested that the activity changes may have been correlated with feeding periods and thus been due to conditioning. However, in a more recent study (Bolles, 1965), rats were observed under continuous as well as cyclic deprivation conditions. Increases in activity occurred in both continuous as well as cyclic deprivation schedules even though the continuously deprived rats were never fed once observation was initiated. Since both continous and cyclically deprived rats were observed in their home cages which were adjacent to each other, it is possible that the increased activity of the cyclically deprived rats occurring prior to the feeding period induced activity in the continuously deprived rats.Consequently the intent of the present study was to circumvent possible conditioning factors by observing food deprived rats in an environment which was isolated from the sounds and sights of other rats and in which the rats had had no previous experience.Psychon. Sci., 1966, Vol. 5 (3) Subjects and Apparatus MARVIN C. KAMBACK STANFORD UNIVERSITYThe Ss were 12 male albino rats of the NLR strain and were approximately 120 days old at the time observations were made. All Ss were placed on an ad libitum feeding schedule for at least one week. Following this they were placed on a deprivation schedule which consisted of access to food for one hour per day. Ss were maintained on this schedule at least one week prior to being observed after which they were randomly divided into three groups of four Ss each and observed either 6, 11, or 22 hr. following the 1 hr. feeding period.The rats were observed in a conventional Skinner box of which three sides were Plexiglas and the fourth metal. A conventional lever and food receptable were mounted on the fourth wall. Isolation from the surrounding environment was accomplished by mounting the Skinner box in the cabinet of a gutted refrigerator. The interior of the cabinet was illuminated by a 15 watt bulb mounted directly above the Skinner box. Ventilation and a masking noise were provided by an aquarium air pump. A double glass window served as a one-way mirror and was mounted in the door of the refrigerator cabinet enabling observations to be ma...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Effects of food deprivation on object and nonobject directed behavior in the rat

Kamback

1966

Psychon Sci

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“…As one can see in Table 1, fimbrial and complete hippocampal animals are more active than controls during both the day and night; however, the increases in activity at night are especially large. Using procedures similar to those employed early by Campbell and Sheffield (1953) to study drive, we found that both fimbrial and complete hippocampals are more affected by increased deprivation, while CAl and alveus damage has minimal effects on activity in the home cage. In an unpublished study, Steward and Jarrard (Note 2) have tested rats with extensive entorhinallesions in our system and found that homecage activity was not different from that of controls during either ad-lib or deprivation conditions.…”

Section: Lesion Effects On Activity Learning (Spatial Reversal and Amentioning

confidence: 91%

Selective hippocampal lesions and behavior

Jarrard

1980

Psychobiology

134

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The hypothesis that neuroanatomically discrete areas within hippocampus are differentially involved in behavior was studied in rats, using selective lesions involving either the fimbria, CAl cells, and/or posterior alveus. Damage to the fimbria with the resulting interruption of rostral connections with subcortical structures is similar to extensive hippocampal lesions in causing increases in behavioral arousal and increased susceptibility to interference. Damage to CAl cells and/or posterior alveallesions that interrupt caudal hippocampal projections toward cortical areas have relatively little effect on behavior but do result in impaired acquisition of complex spatial tasks. Since damage to fimbria and alveus interrupts fibers of passage, thus complicating interpretation of the results, the use of chemicallesioning techniques with more discrete damage to hippocampal subdivisions should prove of value in future research.

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“…On the other hand, pairing stimuli (e.g., a specific activity cage that signals the imminent delivery of food) with biologically significant events (such as food presentation) assigns these stimuli incentive properties (Bindra, 1968;Robinson & Berridge, 1993). It is important to note that a food-deprived state is known to cause the development of incentive motivation (Campbell & Sheffield, 1953) and that conditioned locomotor activity to food presentation in food-restricted rats might depend on these incentive stimuli (Bolles & Moot, 1973). It remains to be determined to what extent anticipatory activity results only from incentive learning processes and to what extent a deprivation state contributes to enhancing it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Various aspects of feeding behavior can be partially dissociated in the rat by the incentive properties of food and the physiological state.

Barbano¹,

Cador²

2005

Behavioral Neuroscience

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The authors investigated the role of food incentive properties and homeostatic state on the motivational, anticipatory, and consummatory aspects of feeding. Behavioral tests were carried out on food-sated and food-restricted rats that were presented with 2 kinds of food differing in their palatability level. Both food-sated and food-restricted rats consumed large quantities and were highly motivated when presented with very palatable food. In contrast, only food-restricted rats developed anticipatory responses, regardless of the kind of food presented. These data suggest that food incentive properties play a key role in the control of consummatory and motivational components of feeding but seem less involved in the regulation of anticipatory behavior.Keywords: food intake, motivation, anticipatory activity, palatability, homeostatic state A critical challenge for neurosciences is to understand the regulation of food intake in mammals (Berthoud, 2004;Kelley, 2004;Saper, Chou, & Elmquist, 2002;Schwartz, Woods, Porte, Seeley, & Baskin, 2000). Feeding is a very complex behavior, which results from the interaction between a wide range of external and internal factors. External factors, including the environment, the season, the time of day, the availability and the quality of food, and the level of stress of the organism, notably affect food intake. For example, it has been shown that environmental cues associated with food delivery can later potentiate eating (Weingarten, 1983;Zamble, 1973). Stressors also have been shown to increase or decrease feeding behavior depending on their magnitude and duration, the quality of the presented food, and the physiological state of the subjects (Burlet, 1988;Howell et al., 1999; Levin, Richard, Michel, & Serviatius, 2000). Similarly, internal factors such as circulating levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, catecholamines, and other molecules modify food intake (Baskin, Wilcox, Figlewicz, & Dorsa, 1988;Saper et al., 2002;Schwartz et al., 2000). The convergence of these interoceptive signals and the exteroceptive properties of the food (i.e., presence, quality) on specific brain areas, participate in the initiation and control of feeding (Orsini, 2003).The central nervous system properly adjusts food intake in response to the external and internal factors to maintain steady states of energy and nutrient balances (Saper et al., 2002;Schwartz et al., 2000).We focused our study on the role of two factors: one internal and the other external. Homeostatic state of the animals (foodsated vs. food-restricted) is an internal variable that ensures differential level of drive toward food. The other factor (food incentive properties or palatability, inferred from the amount eaten by the rats when presented with a choice) is a function of the organoleptic characteristics of an aliment but also depends on the motivational state of the subject (Berridge, 1991;Cabanac, 1988). In humans, increased palatability leads to an increase in food intake (Bellisle & Le Magnen, 1980;Bellisle, Lucas, Amrani...

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Relation of random activity to food deprivation.

Cited by 177 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of food deprivation on object and nonobject directed behavior in the rat

Effects of food deprivation on object and nonobject directed behavior in the rat

Selective hippocampal lesions and behavior

Various aspects of feeding behavior can be partially dissociated in the rat by the incentive properties of food and the physiological state.

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