Relation of Maternal Low Birth Weight to Infant Growth Retardation and Prematurity

Simon, Dyan M.; Vyas, Sameer; Prachand, Nikhil; David, Richard J.; Collins, Jr . James W.

doi:10.1007/s10995-005-0053-z

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Black women are more likely than other groups to experience food insecurity during pregnancy82; participation in such public programs such as the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children may have a beneficial effect on FGR risk among women79. Historical factors such as maternal low-birth weight has also been shown to be a risk factor for FGR among black women, but does not fully explain the disparity between groups83.…”

Section: Disparities In Obstetrical Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/ethnic disparities in obstetric outcomes and care: prevalence and determinants

Bryant

Worjoloh

Caughey

et al. 2010

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

569

462

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Wide disparities in obstetrical outcomes exist between women of different race/ethnicities. The prevalence of preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, fetal demise, maternal mortality and inadequate receipt of prenatal care all vary by maternal race/ethnicity. These disparities have their roots in maternal health behaviors, genetics, the physical and social environments, and access to and quality of health care. Elimination of the health inequities due to sociocultural differences or access to or quality of health care will require a multidisciplinary approach. We aim to describe these obstetrical disparities, with an eye towards potential etiologies, thereby improving our ability to target appropriate solutions. Keywordsdisparities; maternal mortality; obstetrical care; preterm birth; race/ethnicity Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obstetrical Outcomes and Obstetrical CareProfound racial and ethnic disparities have been documented in many areas of health and health care [1][2][3] . Attempts to rectify these inequities in outcomes and processes of care must begin with an accurate account of their prevalence, and with some attention to potential etiologies. Unfortunately, disparities in obstetrical outcomes and care have persisted over time [4][5][6] . Here, we aim to summarize these obstetrical disparities and their possible origins, with the hope of driving an agenda to resolve them.The manner in which disparities in health and health care should be defined is not always straightforward. In an argument to standardize the definition, Lê Cook and colleagues describe three definitions of disparities in health care. 7 In the first, proposed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, disparities are defined by the mathematical difference in means or proportions between groups, without the use of statistical models. In the second, the Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. CondensationWidespread racial/ethnic disparities exist in obstetrics; documenting them and understanding potential etiologies will increase the likelihood of eliminating them. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Obstet Gynecol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 April 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptResidual Direct Effect method, disparities are defined by differences which persist after accounting for all measured potential confounding variables. The last definition, preferred by the authors, is that used by the Institute of Medicine, in which disparities are seen as differences above and beyond those that can be explained by differences in health status between groups. Thus f...

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Section: Disparities In Obstetrical Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/ethnic disparities in obstetric outcomes and care: prevalence and determinants

Bryant

Worjoloh

Caughey

et al. 2010

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

569

462

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The following factors, operating through these genetic and "environmental" channels, have been shown to be related to the birth weight: the sex of child -for the same gestational age boys tend to be heavier than girls (Kramer 1987); maternal ageinfants born to adolescents and women above 35 years tend to be smaller (Sharma et al 2008;Khoshwood 2005); maternal birth weight (Simon et al 2006); maternal weight (Rice and Thapar 2010;Mahanty et al 2006;Godfrey and Barker 1997;Brooks et al 1995); maternal nutrition -cumulatively, and during pregnancy (Stephenson and Symonds 2002;Prentice et al 1983); cigarette smoking (Magee, Hattis, and Kivel 2004); ethnicity (Blanc and Wardlaw 2005;Cogswell and Yip 1995); and socioeconomic conditions operating partly through some of the factors already mentioned (Cramer 1995). To elaborate on the latter effect, it has been shown in subSaharan Africa as well as other developing parts of the world, that poverty, low education, and women's lack of autonomy are related to limited or late initiation of obstetric care, irregular or incomplete immunization (e.g.…”

Section: Determinants Of Birth Weight and Estimation Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

What has high fertility got to do with the low birth weight problem in Africa?

Kodzi¹,

Kravdal²

2013

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDThere has been much concern about adverse individual and societal consequences of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. One concern is that children of high birth orders may have low birth weight. However, the evidence for such an effect is not strong. OBJECTIVEOur objective is to investigate whether a woman's high parity status might increase her risks of having a baby with low birth weight. METHODSPooling 60 Demographic and Health Surveys data-sets from 32 sub-Saharan countries, we selected children of mothers who had at least two births of order two or higher within the five years preceding the surveys. We modeled the probability of having a child with low birth weight and controlled for all mother-specific, household, or community characteristics that are constant over the period of analysis, by including fixed-effects for the mother. We also controlled for salient factors including sex, maternal age, preceding birth interval, and whether prenatal care was received. RESULTSWe found no adverse effect of increasing parity on the odds of having a child with low birth weight at normative ranges; such effects only manifest at extremely high paritiesnine or more children. At moderately high parities, the chance of low birth weight is actually lower than at very low parities. CONCLUSIONSWhile high fertility may lead to various adverse outcomes for African families, low birth weight appears not to be among these outcomes. Other factors, such as adolescent childbearing, poverty, and inadequate prenatal care may be more important determinants of low birth weight in Africa.

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“…[15][16][17] This, then, predisposes to adverse outcomes for her offspring, including intrauterine growth restriction and prematurity. 18 Human studies have also shown that pregnancy-induced hypertension and/or preeclampsia are associated with increased risk for chronic hypertension and subsequent kidney disease later in life. 19,20 Maternal birth weights are rarely reported in follow-up pregnancy studies, and, thus, the contribution of a previous developmental insult compared with a spontaneous complication in the mother's own pregnancy is unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Alteration in Maternal Blood Pressure and Renal Function After Pregnancy in Normal and Growth-Restricted Rats

et al. 2012

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Abstract-Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with increased risk of adult cardiorenal diseases. Small birth weight females are more likely to experience complications during their own pregnancy, including pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes. We determined whether the physiological demand of pregnancy predisposes growth-restricted females to cardiovascular and renal dysfunction later in life. Late gestation bilateral uterine vessel ligation was performed in Wistar-Kyoto rats. At 4 months, restricted and control female offspring were mated with normal males and delivered naturally (ex-pregnant). Regardless of maternal birth weight, at 13 months, ex-pregnant females developed elevated mean arterial pressure (indwelling tail-artery catheter; ϩ6 mm Hg), reduced effective renal blood flow ( 14 C-PAH clearance; Ϫ23%), and increased renal vascular resistance (ϩ27%) compared with age-matched virgins. Glomerular filtration rate ( 3 H-inulin clearance) was not different across groups. This adverse cardiorenal phenotype in ex-pregnant females was associated with elevated systemic (ϩ57%) and altered intrarenal components of the renin-angiotensin system. After pregnancy at 13 months, coronary flow (Langendorff preparation) was halved in restricted females compared with controls, and together with reduced NO excretion, this may increase susceptibility to additional lifestyle challenges. Our results have implications for aging females who have been pregnant, suggesting long-term cardiovascular and renal alterations, with additional consequences for females who were small at birth. 1 Human studies worldwide and animal models have shown that suboptimal conditions in utero alter the development of key organ systems, including reductions in nephron and cardiomyocyte number.2-5 We and others have used a rat model to induce uteroplacental insufficiency, whereby uterine vessels are bilaterally ligated during late gestation resulting in offspring born lighter than sham controls.2,3,6,7 Although growth-restricted males go on to develop elevated blood pressure in adulthood, females appear somewhat protected up to Ն18 months, despite both sexes having similar nephron deficits. 2,3,8,9 This sexual dimorphic response to disease development is commonly cited in the programming field, with females often presenting with less severe cardiovascular disease outcomes. 10Disease risk associated with programmed changes in early life may be modulated by exposures after birth and throughout life.It has been suggested that a number of lifestyle factors, including high-salt/fat diets and aging, can increase or unmask disease outcomes in susceptible offspring.11 Low nephron endowment in growth-restricted females, for example, may be adequately compensated for until a postnatal stressor or "second hit" reveals a clinically relevant phenotype. 12Pregnancy is associated with profound physiological demands that could constitute a second hit. 13 In early pregnancy, reductions in peripheral vascular tone contribute ...

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Relation of Maternal Low Birth Weight to Infant Growth Retardation and Prematurity

Cited by 27 publications

References 36 publications

Racial/ethnic disparities in obstetric outcomes and care: prevalence and determinants

Racial/ethnic disparities in obstetric outcomes and care: prevalence and determinants

What has high fertility got to do with the low birth weight problem in Africa?

Long-Term Alteration in Maternal Blood Pressure and Renal Function After Pregnancy in Normal and Growth-Restricted Rats

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