Relation of Gut Microbes and L-Thyroxine Through Altered Thyroxine Metabolism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subjects

Yao, Zhenhua; Zhao, Meng; Gong, Ying; Chen, Wenbin; Wang, Qian; Fu, Ying; Guo, Tian; Zhao, Jiajun; Gao, Ling; Tao, Bo

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00495

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In the current study, the use of thyroid hormones (thyroxine) resulted in a significant increase in the alpha diversity of the oral cavity, whereas previous reports of gut microbial diversity in patients taking the thyroid hormone thyroxine showed no statistical differences from controls (not receiving thyroxine) [ 44 ]. Khan and associates investigated the impact of statins on gut microbiome composition and reported differences in alpha and beta diversity measures, with more variability in the untreated hypercholesterolemic patients (n = 15) compared to statin-treated hypercholesterolemic patients (n = 27) or non-hypercholesterolemic individuals (n = 19) [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Investigation of the impact of commonly used medications on the oral microbiome of individuals living without major chronic conditions

2021

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Background Commonly used medications produce changes in the gut microbiota, however, the impact of these medications on the composition of the oral microbiota is understudied. Methods Saliva samples were obtained from 846 females and 368 males aged 35–69 years from a Canadian population cohort, the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health (PATH). Samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and differences in microbial community compositions between nonusers, single-, and multi-drug users as well as the 3 most commonly used medications (thyroid hormones, statins, and proton pump inhibitors (PPI)) were examined. Results Twenty-six percent of participants were taking 1 medication and 21% were reported taking 2 or more medications. Alpha diversity indices of Shannon diversity, Evenness, Richness, and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity were similar among groups, likewise beta diversity as measured by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (R2 = 0.0029, P = 0.053) and weighted UniFrac distances (R2 = 0.0028, P = 0.161) were non-significant although close to our alpha value threshold (P = 0.05). After controlling for covariates (sex, age, BMI), six genera (Saprospiraceae uncultured, Bacillus, Johnsonella, Actinobacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Mycoplasma) were significantly different from non-medication users. Thyroid hormones, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and PPI were the most reported medications. Shannon diversity differed significantly among those taking no medication and those taking only thyroid hormones, however, there were no significant difference in other measures of alpha- or beta diversity with single thyroid hormone, statin, or PPI use. Compared to participants taking no medications, the relative abundance of eight genera differed significantly in participants taking thyroid hormones, six genera differed in participants taking statins, and no significant differences were observed with participants taking PPI. Conclusion The results from this study show negligible effect of commonly used medications on microbial diversity and small differences in the relative abundance of specific taxa, suggesting a minimal influence of commonly used medication on the salivary microbiome of individuals living without major chronic conditions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Investigation of the impact of commonly used medications on the oral microbiome of individuals living without major chronic conditions

2021

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“…Considering the patient group receiving oral thyroid hormone replacement therapy as a whole (irrespective of the dose) versus those with no treatment, the abundance level of bacteria belonging to the genus Ruminococcus, which is prevalent in human gut microbiota, was elevated in the group with no treatment. Similar findings were made with regard to the bacteria representing the genera Alistipes and Anaerotruncus [54]. Researchers from the University of Bradford studied the possible effects of thyroxine on the performance of spatial learning tasks, where cholinergic activity and hippocampal function are of key importance.…”

Section: The Impact Of Oral Thyroid Hormone Supplementation On Microbiomesupporting

confidence: 55%

Microbiome Metabolites and Thyroid Dysfunction

Bargiel

Stachowska

Prowans

et al. 2021

JCM

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Thyroid diseases are common conditions that have a negative impact on the health of all populations. The literature sheds light on the differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in patients suffering from thyroid diseases compared to healthy individuals. The microbiome affects the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, and the existence of the gut–thyroid axis is discussed in the context of both thyroid diseases and intestinal dysbiosis. The purpose of this review is to describe associations between the microbiome and its metabolites and thyroid dysfunction. We try to explain the role of the microbiome in the metabolism of thyroid hormones and the impact of thyroid autoimmune diseases. In addition, we raise issues related to the influence of bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids or secondary bile acids, in the functioning of the thyroid gland. Last but not least, we explored the interactions between the gut microbiota and therapeutics and supplements typically administered to patients with thyroid diseases.

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“…Lauritano et al studied 50 patients with HT and 40 controls and found that 54% of patients presented SIBO, in contrast with the control group ( 4 ). A clinical trial conducted by Yao et al ( 42 ) demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota in patients with hypothyroidism, randomly divided to receive L-thyroxine ( N = 49) or no treatment ( N = 68), did not show significant differences with respect to alpha diversity. However, the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Odoribacter genera varied slightly depending on the dosage of L-thyroxine ( 42 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in Patients With Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Cayres¹,

Salis

Rodrigues³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease worldwide, characterized by chronic inflammation and circulating autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Patients require hormone replacement with oral levothyroxine, and if untreated, they can develop serious adverse health effects and ultimately death. There is a lot of evidence that the intestinal dysbiosis, bacterial overgrowth, and increased intestinal permeability favor the HT development, and a thyroid–gut axis has been proposed, which seems to impact our entire metabolism. Here, we evaluated alterations in the gut microbiota in Brazilian patients with HT and correlated this data with dietary habits, clinical data, and systemic cytokines and zonulin concentrations. Stool samples from 40 patients with HT and 53 controls were analyzed using real-time PCR, the serum cytokine levels were evaluated by flow cytometry, zonulin concentrations by ELISA, and the dietary habits were recorded by a food frequency questionnaire. We observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the Bacteroides species and a decrease in Bifidobacterium in samples of patients with HT. In addition, Lactobacillus species were higher in patients without thyroid hormone replacement, compared with those who use oral levothyroxine. Regarding dietary habits, we demonstrated that there are significant differences in the consumption of vegetables, fruits, animal-derived proteins, dairy products, saturated fats, and carbohydrates between patients and control group, and an inverse correlation between animal-derived protein and Bacteroides genus was detected. The microbiota modulation by diet directly influences the inflammatory profile due to the generated microbiota metabolites and their direct or indirect action on immune cells in the gut mucosa. Although there are no differences in systemic cytokines in our patients with HT, we detected increased zonulin concentrations, suggesting a leaky gut in patients with HT. These findings could help understand the development and progression of HT, while further investigations to clarify the underlying mechanisms of the diet–microbiota–immune system axis are still needed.

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Relation of Gut Microbes and L-Thyroxine Through Altered Thyroxine Metabolism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subjects

Cited by 28 publications

References 54 publications

Investigation of the impact of commonly used medications on the oral microbiome of individuals living without major chronic conditions

Investigation of the impact of commonly used medications on the oral microbiome of individuals living without major chronic conditions

Microbiome Metabolites and Thyroid Dysfunction

Detection of Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in Patients With Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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