Relation of electrolytes to blood pressure in men. The Yi people study.

Abstract

The relations of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium to blood pressure were investigated in four groups of men (119 high-mountain Yi farmers, 114 mountainside Yi farmers, 89 Yi migrants, and 97 Han people) with a wide range of electrolyte intake in Puge County, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. Electrolytes were measured in diet, serum, and urine. Sodium excretion was 73.9 mmol/24 hr in high-mountain Yi farmers, 117.9 mmol/24 hr in mountainside Yi farmers, 159.4 mmol/24 hr in Yi migrants, and 186.0 mmol/24 hr in the Han people. In ecological correlation analysis, dietary and urinary sodium were significantly and positively correlated with both systolic and diastolic pressure, whereas serum sodium showed no relation with blood pressure. In diet, serum, and urine, potassium was negatively related to systolic and diastolic pressure, whereas the sodium/potassium ratio showed a positive association. With regard to calcium, only urinary excretion was significantly and positively related to blood pressure. No relation was found between magnesium and blood pressure. Analyses at the individual level confirmed the results for sodium and potassium seen at the ecological level, but in addition, dietary calcium and magnesium were significantly and negatively correlated to both systolic and diastolic pressure, and urinary magnesium was inversely related to diastolic pressure. These relations persisted after controlling for age, body mass index (kg/m 2 ), heart rate, alcohol, and total energy intake in multiple regression analysis performed separately for electrolytes in diet, serum, and urine. In multiple regression analysis, an increase in sodium intake of 100 mmol/day corresponded to an increase of 2 3 mm Hg systolic blood pressure and 1.8 mm Hg diastolic pressure. An increase in potassium intake of 100 mmol/day corresponded to an 8 3 mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure and a 5.7 mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure. Using the ratio of urinary sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium to creatinine as the independent variables confirmed the previous results, with the addition of a significant inverse relation of magnesium/creatinine ratio to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These results are consistent with the view that a diet low in sodium and high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium may prevent the development of hypertension. (Hypertension 1991;17378-385)

Correlates of blood pressure in community-dwelling older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group.

“…Serum potassium was inversely related to both DBP and SBP in the cohort without hypertension and CHD. A negative association between serum (or plasma) potassium and both DBP and SBP 40 or with DBP only 31 - 41 has been previously observed. There is a well-documented relation between average alcohol intake and elevated BP 42, 43 a n ( j t m s association was confirmed in the CHS among the entire cohort.…”

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop on Sodium and Blood Pressure

“…5 A positive relation between dietary sodium and BP has been shown from observational studies in humans. The Yi People Study 6 in China compared Yi farmers in remote areas with a group of Yi farmers who had migrated to an urban area and a group of Han residents of the same urban area. BP rose very little with age in the Yi farmers but increased with age in Yi migrants and Han residents.…”

“…Other factors, such as body mass index (BMI), were also involved. 6 Several large, long-term, randomized clinical trials have shown that a moderate reduction in sodium intake reduces BP levels. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP), Phase II, 7 evaluated the benefits of weight reduction and sodium reduction, alone and in combination, for individuals who were slightly to moderately overweight and had high normal BPs.…”

A cross-sectional study on association of calcium intake with blood pressure in Japanese population

“…3,4 However, the results of the different studies were inconsistent. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Some methodological problems were considered to be responsible for this heterogeneity. For example, differences in the method of sampling, dietary data collection and assessing calcium intake are possible causes.…”