Relation of Conformation and Anatomy of the Dairy Cow to Her Milk and Butterfat Producing Capacity

Swett, W. W.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(27)93810-7

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The score card data further bring out the point that the size and condition of the udder and the characteristics of the milk veins are significant elements of conformation for indicating the milk producing capacity of the cow 1 . This conclusion is further substantiated by studies on actual udder size in relation to milk secretion (4,13,14,19,20,21). The work is supplemented by that of Aldrich and Dana(i), which reaches the conclusion that the condition of the milk veins is somewhat indicative of the cow's milk yield.…”

Section: Mature-form Type and Its Influence On Productionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The shape of the udder and the arrangement of the teats are of but minor significance as far as milk yield is concerned. This fact finds its strongest support in studies of actual udder weights related to the milk yields of these udders (4,13,14,19). In these studies cows whose daily milk production and stage of lactation were known, were killed, the udders dissected off and weighed, and their composition determined.…”

Section: D-5hmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Conformation of the Cow as Related to Milk Secretion, Jersey Registry of Merit.

Gowen¹

1933

J. Agric. Sci.

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This paper presents an analysis of the relation borne by eight body measurements and age to the cow's milk-secreting ability. The analysis is first presented from the viewpoint of conformation as related to milk secretion without regard to age. The data are then utilised to determine the relation of conformation to milk secretion when age is considered. In the last section we have attempted to consider conformation as a whole and to relate this to milk secretion. Defining the ideal as quantity production of milk or butter-fat the following points of conformation are important. First, the cow should be of better than average weight for her breed and age; second, she should be of good wedge-shaped form particularly in the region of the shoulders; third, her milk veins should be of good size; and fourth, her udder should be of good size and quality. Time has brought about the inclusion in the animal husbandry text-books of many other points asserted on a priori grounds to be of significance in determining the cow's milk secreting capacity. The effect of several of these points on milk secretion has been analysed in these data, the results showing them to be without significance.

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Section: Mature-form Type and Its Influence On Productionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: D-5hmentioning

confidence: 98%

Conformation of the Cow as Related to Milk Secretion, Jersey Registry of Merit.

Gowen¹

1933

J. Agric. Sci.

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“…Related to this, dairy physiologists began to consider how to evaluate mammary growth in calves and heifers and possible relationships between development at these early stages of development and future productivity. Several early studies (Swett, 1927(Swett, , 1947Swett and Matthews, 1934) sought relationships between udder or mammary anatomy and milk production capacity. Indeed, this fundamental question continues today (Soberon et al, 2012;Geiger et al, 2016a,b;Gelsinger et al, 2016).…”

Section: How To Measure Mammary Development? the Devil Is In The Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 100-Year Review: Mammary development and lactation

Akers

2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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What is old is new again-and with respect to the study of the mammary development and function in dairy animals, the expression resonates. Many of the mammary and milk production questions raised in the early years of the Journal of Dairy Science apply today. To be sure, scientists have filled in many details regarding, for example, identification of hormones and growth factors important in the control of mammary growth, the onset of copious milk production at calving, and maintenance of lactation. Early years focused on identification and subsequent availability of classic mammogenic, lactogenic, and galactopoietic hormones (e.g., steroids, prolactin, and growth hormone). The advent of sensitive assays to measure concentrations of these hormones and, subsequently, myriad growth factors in blood, milk, and tissues, allowed creation of multiple hypotheses to explain mammary cell proliferation and regulation of function. It is also apparent that we understand many of the fundamentals of milk removal, milking frequency, milking management, and milk ejection for successful lactation. However, some questions remain. Are the principles that were identified when cows produced markedly less milk still valid for the high-producing cows of today and the future? What mechanism(s) explain the positive effects of early increased milking frequency on subsequent milk production? Can the persistency of lactation be improved (secretory cell number vs. secretory cell function) or does early management "program" future mammary development or productivity (epigenetics, immune responsiveness, other)? The explosion of tools and techniques (Southern and Northern blots, PCR, and the "-omics" revolution) has driven an almost overwhelming evaluation of cellular and molecular functions in the mammary gland and other tissues. One key may be the discovery of a "Rosetta stone" that will allow understanding of this mass of detailed information on gene expression, cell signaling, and so on. Many scientists can now better appreciate the difficulty of the dairy farmer seeking to process DHIA or Dairy Comp 305 data, milking data, weights, feeding reports, pedometer readings, or genomic evaluations to manage their operations.

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“…Further, much less milk can be obtained by catheterization of the udder, which involves no stimulation of the teats, than by milking in the normal way (Zwart, 1911; Dyssegaard,19q), while experiments on the post-mortem milking of bovine udders amputated just before the normal milking time (e.g. Swett, 1927; Swett et al 1932) have shown that under the most favourable conditions only about 70% of the milk obtainable at previous milkings can be withdrawn . Petersen et al (1929a), on the other.…”

Section: Nervous Influences In Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactation

Folley¹

1940

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. In most species oestrogens mainly stimulate mammary duct growth. In the guinea‐pig and goat they promote complete alveolar development. The mouse is the only animal in which treatment with progesterone has been found to promote mammary duct growth. In other species simultaneous treatment with oestrogens and progesterone is necessary for complete alveolar development. It is difficult to say whether or not oestrogens per se can promote alveolar development, because the adrenal cortex produces progesterone. 2. Androgens cause duct and alveolar growth in some species. 3. Some now believe that, under the influence of oestrogen, the anterior pituitary produces a “mammogenic” hormone which promotes mammary duct growth. 4. The presence of the anterior pituitary is essential for the initiation and maintenance of lactation. The anterior lobe is believed to secrete a specific lactogenic hormone (prolactin), but other anterior lobe hormones probably participate in the control of normal lactation. 5. Oestrogens may inhibit lactation during pregnancy, but it is probable that the pregnant uterus is also concerned in the inhibition. 6. The adrenal‐cortical hormone is necessary for lactation, since adrenal‐ectomized animals do not lactate, and, further, prolactin will not initiate or maintain lactation in hypophysectomized animals unless corticosterone or adrenotrophic hormone is also given. 7. The thyroid gland is essential for normal lactation: thyroxine stimulates nilk secretion in the cow. 8. Posterior pituitary extracts cause emptying of the bovine udder but do not affect the formation of milk. 9. Oestrogen treatment enriches milk in fatty and non‐fatty solids, and so does thyroxine treatment. Repeated injections of certain prolactin extracts increase the fat content of Cow's milk; certain other prolactin preparations increase the lactose content. 10. No true secretory nerves innervate the mammary gland. Lactation is disturbed in the cat if the sympathetic chains are extirpated. 11. The extraction of milk from the bovine udder depends on the reflex erection of udder tissues caused by stimulation of the teat, which also appears to cause the release of a lactogenic hormone or hormones from the hypophysis. 12. The mammary gland synthesizes lactose from blood glucose and also, probably, lactic acid. It is also possible that blood amino acids are de‐aminated by the mammary gland and used for lactose synthesis. 13. The precursor of milk fat is the neutral fat of the blood. The mammary gland probably oxidizes long‐chained fatty acids to the short‐chained acids of milk fat. 14. It is improbable that milk protein arises from blood amino acids. Plasma proteins are probably utilized for the synthesis of caseinogen, the phosphorus coming from the blood inorganic phosphate. 15. Various enzymes have been detected in active mammary tissue, which is a particularly rich source of the alkaline phosphomonoesterase. Changes in the secretory function of the mammary gland are usually accompanied by striking changes in the phosphomonoes...

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Relation of Conformation and Anatomy of the Dairy Cow to Her Milk and Butterfat Producing Capacity

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

Conformation of the Cow as Related to Milk Secretion, Jersey Registry of Merit.

Conformation of the Cow as Related to Milk Secretion, Jersey Registry of Merit.

A 100-Year Review: Mammary development and lactation

Lactation

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