Relation of cholesterol metabolism to pediatric gallstone disease: a retrospective controlled study

Koivusalo, Antti; Pakarinen, Mikko P.; Gylling, Helena; Nissinen, Markku

doi:10.1186/s12876-015-0304-4

Cited by 15 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…In this population-based case-control study, high serum LDL levels and low levels of HDL were significantly associated with an increased risk of biliary calculus. This finding supports the role of serum lipids in gallstones and biliary carcinogenesis, which is consistent with previous cross-sectional and prospective studies of serum lipid and gallstones showing that high TG and low cholesterol levels are associated with gallstone risk [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Serum lipid levels are the risk factors of gallbladder stones: a population-based study in China

et al. 2020

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Background: Gallstones are the cause of a majority of biliary tract discomfort. Although many community-based studies have addressed the risk factors for gallstone disease (GSD), little is known about GSD prevalence and risk factors in Chinese populations. , participants (N = 2,068,523) were recruited by Meinian Onehealth Healthcare Co., Ltd. They received a physical examination, and GSD was determined by ultrasound. Results: The prevalence of GSD was 8.1%. Risks of GSD were similar between males and females in all age groups. Risk factors for gallstones include body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and physical activity, as well as biological factors such as age, sex, and elevated blood lipid levels. Serum lipid levels of GSD were statistically different from controls in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (H-DL), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and apolipoprotein B (APOB). Furthermore, TC > 5.00 mmol/L, TG > 1.39 mmol/L, HDL < 1.19 mmol/L, LDL > 3.04 mmol/L, and APOB > 0.97 mmol/L were risk factors for gallstones. Conclusions: Serum lipid levels are associated with GSD. TC, TG, LDL, and APOB are risk factors, while HDL is a protective factor.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Serum lipid levels are the risk factors of gallbladder stones: a population-based study in China

et al. 2020

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“…Children with increased risk for the disease are prematures that have been administered with furosemid and those that were administered parenteral therapy [1]. Predisposing factors for gallbladder stones are: children with total parenteral nutrition, ileum resection, sepsis and haemolitic diseases [1] [9] [23] [24]. In infants, cholelithiasis can spontaneously regress (fetal cholelithiasis) but they can too manifest themselves with clinical symptoms and complications due to predisposing factors [6] [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Cholelithiasis in Children

Hyseni¹,

Llullaku²,

Statovci³

et al. 2016

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Introduction: Cholecystitis, for a long time considered as a disease of adults, has had an increased documented incidence of non-haemolitic cholelithiasis in the Pediatric Surgery practice in the last 20 years. Even though diseases of the gall bladder are rare in children, pediatric patients account for 4% of all cases with cholecystectomy. Cholecystitis and other diseases of the gall bladder should be considered in differential diagnosis in every patient with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, followed by jaundice, especially in children with history of hemolysis. Aim: The aim is to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in 6 children with acute cholecystitis and cholelithiasis diagnosed and treated at the clinic of the authors. Patients and Methods: In the last 5 years, at UCCK, 6 patients under 12 years of age were operated, cholecystectomy was performed. The disease was more prevalent in female patients (66.66%-4 patients) than in male patients (33.33%-2 patients). Mean age was 8.6. Clinical manifestations presented: increased body temperature, abdominal pain and abdominal tenderness during examination. Other clinical manifestations included: vomiting in 4 patients (66.66%), jaundice in 2 patients (33.33%). Lab results showed leucosytosis in 3 patients (50%), disorders of the liver in 2 patients (33%). 2 patients were diagnosed with spherocytosis and splenomegaly, 1 patient had empyema of gall bladder (wall thickness of the gall bladder > 3.7 mm). Clinical diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasound. Ultrasound criteria are: gall bladder thickness (3.5 mm), stones ose sludge with acoustic shadow, and collection of liquid around gall bladder (pericholecystitis). Results: All patients were initially treated with naso-gastric tube (suction), fluids and antibiotics. Cholecystectomy was performed in 4 patients and cholecystectomy with splenectomy in 2 patients due to spherocytosis. Discussion and conclusion: Cholelithiasis in children is most commonly associated with haemolitic and haemoglobin diseases (Hereditary Spherocytosis, Sideropenic Anaemia, Thalasemia etc.). The incidence of cholesterol stones is higher than pigment stones. Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis in children are more common than previously thought. Ultrasound confirms with great accuracy the presence of stones and acalculous cholesytitis. Treatment is usually surgical, laparoscopic or open surgery, depending on the stage of the disease and the experience of the surgeon.

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“…Twenty-two studies were identified, of which five studies were performed in patients with steatosis [95][96][97][98][99], eleven studies in patients with cholestasis [100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110], and six studies included patients with liver diseases related to cirrhosis or necrosis [111][112][113][114][115][116] (Table 8). [102] Cases (n = 45) 3.00 ± 1.10 ↑ Controls (n = 80)…”

Section: Serum Non-cholesterol Sterol Markers In Subjects With Liver mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations As Biomarkers For Cholesterol Absorption And Synthesis In Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review

2019

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Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (n = 16), diabetes mellitus (n = 15), metabolic syndrome (n = 5), hyperlipidemia (n = 11), cardiovascular disease (n = 17), and diseases related to intestine (n = 16), liver (n = 22) or kidney (n = 2). In general, markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis displayed reciprocal patterns, showing that cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated by the interplay of intestinal absorption and endogenous synthesis. Distinctive patterns for cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis could be identified, suggesting that metabolic disorders can be classified as 'cholesterol absorbers or cholesterol synthesizers'. Future studies should be performed to confirm or refute these findings and to examine whether this information can be used for targeted (dietary) interventions.Nutrients 2019, 11, 124 2 of 31 procedures [5]. The only direct method to measure intestinal cholesterol absorption in humans is the intestinal perfusion technique using radioisotopes [6], whereas cholesterol balance and isotope ratio methods can be used to indirectly calculate cholesterol absorption. Cholesterol absorption using stable isotopes can be estimated using the dual plasma isotope ratio method, continuous isotope feeding, or single stable isotopes [5]. For quantifying endogenous cholesterol synthesis, other techniques such as cholesterol balance, fractional conversion of squalene, mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA), and deuterium incorporation (DI) are used. Overall, the cholesterol balance technique, dual plasma isotope ratio, and continuous isotope feeding are the gold standard methods to quantify respectively cholesterol synthesis and absorption. These methods were developed and validated many years ago [7][8][9][10]. However, although these techniques are very precise, they are also complex, laborious, expensive and require a steady-state condition. Thus, these techniques are only suitable for small-scale in-depth studies, but not for large-scale intervention studies [11]. Consequently, there is a clear need for alternative approaches to monitor intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. In the early 90s, serum non-cholesterol sterols were introduced as validated biomarkers for assessing intestina...

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Relation of cholesterol metabolism to pediatric gallstone disease: a retrospective controlled study

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Serum lipid levels are the risk factors of gallbladder stones: a population-based study in China

Serum lipid levels are the risk factors of gallbladder stones: a population-based study in China

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Cholelithiasis in Children

Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations As Biomarkers For Cholesterol Absorption And Synthesis In Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review

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