Relation of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure to Subjective and Objective Acral Temperature

Kavroulaki, Dimitra; Gugleta, Konstantin; Kochkorov, Asan; Katamay, Robert; Orgül, Selim

doi:10.1055/s-0028-1109290

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A classical challenge is coldness [2,42]. Subjects report more often the feeling of freezing, and they exhibit cooler extremities [43] and even cooler corneas than others when exposed to coldness [44]. Another trigger factor is psychological stress [45].…”

Section: Vascular Dysregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The primary vascular dysregulation syndrome: implications for eye diseases

2013

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Vascular dysregulation refers to the regulation of blood flow that is not adapted to the needs of the respective tissue. We distinguish primary vascular dysregulation (PVD, formerly called vasospastic syndrome) and secondary vascular dysregulation (SVD). Subjects with PVD tend to have cold extremities, low blood pressure, reduced feeling of thirst, altered drug sensitivity, increased pain sensitivity, prolonged sleep onset time, altered gene expression in the lymphocytes, signs of oxidative stress, slightly increased endothelin-1 plasma level, low body mass index and often diffuse and fluctuating visual field defects. Coldness, emotional or mechanical stress and starving can provoke symptoms. Virtually all organs, particularly the eye, can be involved. In subjects with PVD, retinal vessels are stiffer and more irregular, and both neurovascular coupling and autoregulation capacity are reduced while retinal venous pressure is often increased. Subjects with PVD have increased risk for normal-tension glaucoma, optic nerve compartment syndrome, central serous choroidopathy, Susac syndrome, retinal artery and vein occlusions and anterior ischaemic neuropathy without atherosclerosis. Further characteristics are their weaker blood–brain and blood-retinal barriers and the higher prevalence of optic disc haemorrhages and activated astrocytes. Subjects with PVD tend to suffer more often from tinnitus, muscle cramps, migraine with aura and silent myocardial ischaemic and are at greater risk for altitude sickness. While the main cause of vascular dysregulation is vascular endotheliopathy, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is also involved. In contrast, SVD occurs in the context of other diseases such as multiple sclerosis, retrobulbar neuritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and giant cell arteritis. Taking into consideration the high prevalence of PVD in the population and potentially linked pathologies, in the current article, the authors provide recommendations on how to effectively promote the field in order to create innovative diagnostic tools to predict the pathology and develop more efficient treatment approaches tailored to the person.

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Section: Vascular Dysregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The primary vascular dysregulation syndrome: implications for eye diseases

2013

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“…It is characterized by a predisposition to respond differently to a number of stimuli like coldness [23,24] or emotional stress. The FS is relatively common [25] and occurs more often in females than in men [25], in slim than in obese subjects [25][26][27] and in academics than in blue-collar workers [28]. An essential component of FS is the primary vascular dysregulation (PVD) [21] ex-plaining some of the symptoms of FS such as cold extremities.…”

Section: Increased Prevalence Of Flammer Syndrome In Patients With Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Prevalence of Flammer Syndrome in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa

Konieczka

Koch

Schoetzau

et al. 2016

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd

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Section: Bf Is Influenced By Local and Systemic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, our patients with NTG tended to be rather slim [159, 160] and were more often female than male [161]. In addition, subjects with low body mass index had lower blood pressure and more often had cold hands [160]. Cold hands or feet occurred at the highest intensity in younger, slimmer women and at lowest intensity in elderly, stouter men [162].…”

Section: Bf Is Influenced By Local and Systemic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cold hands or feet occurred at the highest intensity in younger, slimmer women and at lowest intensity in elderly, stouter men [162]. The lower the BP and/or the BMI is, the colder the extremities were [160]. It became clear that low body mass index increases the risk for VS and VS occurs more often in females.…”

Section: Bf Is Influenced By Local and Systemic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The discovery of the Flammer syndrome: a historical and personal perspective

Flammer

Konieczka

2017

EPMA Journal

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This review describes the clinical and basic research that led to the description of Flammer syndrome. It is narrated from a personal perspective. This research was initiated by the observation of an increased long-term fluctuation of visual fields in a subgroup of glaucoma patients. As these patients had strikingly cold hands, peripheral blood flow was tested with a capillary microscopy, and vasospastic syndrome (VS) was diagnosed. Further studies on these patients revealed frequently weakened autoregulation of ocular blood flow and increased flow resistivity in retroocular vessels. Their retinal vessels were more rigid and irregular and responded less to flickering light. Holistic investigation demonstrated low blood pressure, silent myocardial ischaemia, altered beat-to-beat variation, altered gene expression in the lymphocytes, slightly increased plasma endothelin level and increased systemic oxidative stress. This combination of signs and symptoms was better described by the term primary vascular dysregulation (PVD) than by VS. Subsequent studies showed additional symptoms frequently related to PVD, such as low body mass index, cold extremities combined with slightly increased core temperature, prolonged sleep onset time, reduced feelings of thirst, increased sensitivity to smell and also for certain drugs and increased retinal venous pressure. To better characterise this entire syndrome, the term Flammer syndrome (FS) was introduced. Most subjects with FS were healthy. Nevertheless, FS seemed to increase the risk for certain eye diseases, particularly in younger patients. This included normal-tension glaucoma, anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, retinal vein occlusions, Susac syndrome and central serous chorioretinopathy. Hereditary diseases, such as Leber’s optic neuropathy or retinitis pigmentosa, were also associated with FS, and FS symptoms and sings occurred more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis or with acute hearing loss. Further research should lead to a more concise definition of FS, a precise diagnosis and tools for recognizing people at risk for associated diseases. This may ultimately lead to more efficient and more personalised treatment.

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Relation of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure to Subjective and Objective Acral Temperature

Abstract: A statistical significant association is present in healthy subjects between body mass index and blood pressure on one, and cold extremities on the other side, defined subjectively as well as measured objectively. This relationship is gender-independent.

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

The primary vascular dysregulation syndrome: implications for eye diseases

The primary vascular dysregulation syndrome: implications for eye diseases

Increased Prevalence of Flammer Syndrome in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa

The discovery of the Flammer syndrome: a historical and personal perspective

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