Relation Between Temperature and Incubation Time for Eggs of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Abstract

With data assembled from the literature, relations are examined between incubation temperature and rate of development from fertilization to hatching for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs. Ten forms of three empirical relations are used, based on the thermal sums hypothesis, Bělehrádek's equation, and a form of the logistic curve. In each case comparisons are made using constant, ambient, and combined (constant + ambient) incubation temperatures. In most cases the rules of minimum variance curve fitting are somewhat violated, although results using the log-inverse form of Bělehrádek's equation are superior to those from the other models. Early imposition of low, constant incubation temperatures (below 6–7 °C) appears to slow egg development below those rates occurring at ambient temperatures having the same mean values. Time–temperature relations based on the unmodified thermal sums hypothesis and its associated "degree-days" are compared with predicted values obtained using the log-inverse Bělehrádek model as a standard. The former model tends to underestimate the length of the incubation period by an average of about 5 days at incubation temperatures above 4 °C; below 4 °C the former model increasingly overestimates the incubation period. Based on the log-inverse Bělehrádek model, a table is provided of predicted daily rates of development in relation to temperature. The table may be used to predict hatching time in a manner similar to that employing degree-days. In general, the enquiry points to a lack of data on development time at temperatures below 5 °C; to be meaningful, further analyses will require such data. Key words: prediction, modeling, development rates, hatching time

Improving Larval Culture and Rearing Techniques on Common Snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

“…Nearly every aspect of early fish development is affected by temperature (i.e., fertilization, hatching, first feeding) (Alderdice and Velsen, 1978;Heggberget andWallace, 1984, Brännäns, 1987;Crisp, 1988;Kane, 1988;Jensen et al, 1989;Beacham and Murray, 1990;Blaxter, 1992). Other aspects affected by temperature are the yolk conversion efficiency as demonstrated in salmonid embryos (Heming, 1982;Heming and Buddington, 1988;Marr, 1996;Peterson & Martin-Robichaud, 1995) and in stripped bass (Peterson et al, 1996).…”

Water temperature of streams in the Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, and implications of climate change

“…Depending on the type of stream and its location, the natural flora and fauna often establish themselves in ranges delineated by temperature. The study of water temperature has many immediate practical applications, such as determining the environmental impacts due to anthropogenic sources (Smith, 1972) and the health of stream biota (Peterson and others, 1977;Alderice and Velsen, 1978;Edwards and others, 1979;Baltz and others, 1987;Eaton and Scheller, 1996;Scheller and others, 1999). Stream temperature can have detrimental effects on various species populations by influencing physical, chemical, and biological water properties (Smith, 1972).…”

“…For example, if stream temperatures are low (between 4°C and 0°C), fish growth slows (Edwards and others, 1979). If temperatures are significantly lower than typical seasonal temperatures, fish egg development may be stunted (Alderice and Velsen, 1978). In contrast, a stream-temperature rise could be unfavorable for a certain species of fish if it encourages predators, disease, or competitors or exceeds the threshold of tolerance.…”

“…Stream temperature is an important physical factor of Pacific salmon habitat, and its effects on various salmon life stages have been extensively researched (Bell, 1973;Alderice and Velsen, 1978;Murray and McPhail, 1988;Groot and Margolis, 1991). To maximize survival, each species of Pacific salmon has adapted to specific spawning times and temperatures in order that incubation and emergence occur at the most favorable time of the year (table 1).…”

Spawning site selection and the influence of incubation environment on larval success in interior Fraser coho.

“…Temperature also affects larval fish size, growth rate, duration of incubation, and timing of hatch (Alderdice and Velsen, 1978;Heming, 1982;Humpesch, 1985;Tang, 1987;Beacham and Murray, 1990;Rombough, 1997;Ojanguren et al, 1999). Furthermore incubation temperature tolerances and adaptations have been shown to differ among species of Pacific salmon (Combs, 1965;Murray and McPhail, 1988).…”