Relation between gas phase CN radical distributions, nitrogen incorporation, and growth rate in flame deposition of diamond

Stolk, R. L.; Herpen, M.M.J.W. van; Meulen, J. J. ter; Schermer, J.J.

doi:10.1063/1.1287409

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…We may therefore conclude that nitrogen-containing species near the center of the substrate originate from di-nitrogen in the feed gas that has reacted at the flame front. This is in agreement with findings by Stolk and co-workers, 58 who report that deposition in the central region is dominated by nitrogen in the feed.…”

Section: B Two-dimensional Flame Simulationssupporting

confidence: 83%

Influence of nitrogen on diamond growth in oxyacetylene combustion chemical vapor deposition

Croon

Kleijn

Marin

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physics

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Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication:• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Addition of di-nitrogen to the feed gas has been shown to greatly influence growth rates and morphology of the deposited layer in various diamond chemical vapor deposition ͑CVD͒ techniques. In this article, several hypotheses for these phenomena, as presented in literature, are tested for the case of diamond combustion CVD with the aid of an atmospheric pressure oxyacetylene flame. For this purpose, one-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations are performed of the hydrodynamics, the combustion and deposition chemistry, and the nitrogen chemistry. Based on the simulation results, several proposed hypotheses can be ruled out as possible explanations for the observed phenomena. It is concluded, that the most likely hypotheses are: ͑i͒ the presence of nitrogen atoms in the diamond lattice, enhancing diamond growth by acting on the electron structure of surface dimer bonds, and ͑ii͒ selective adsorption of nitrogen-containing species on the surface, selectively increasing growth in the ͑100͒ direction. It is found that possible gas phase candidates for affecting diamond growth are NH, NH 2 , NH 3 , CN, HCN, H 2 CN, and NCO.

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Section: B Two-dimensional Flame Simulationssupporting

confidence: 83%

Influence of nitrogen on diamond growth in oxyacetylene combustion chemical vapor deposition

Croon

Kleijn

Marin

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Another effect of nitrogen addition is an enhancement of the growth rate. 11,14,15 In an annulus of enhanced growth and roughness typical for flame-grown samples, 13,16 which has a morphology different from that in the center, a relatively large amount of nitrogen is incorporated. By use of techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry, 9 photoluminescence ͑PL͒, 10 cathodoluminescence ͑CL͒, 5,11 and elastic recoil detection, 12 it has been shown that nitrogen is incorporated into the diamond crystal lattice of layers that have been deposited with nitrogen addition.…”

Section: Influence Of Nitrogen Addition On Oxyacetylene Flame Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A very useful deposition technique for obtaining insight into the mechanisms of nitrogen influence on diamond CVD is oxyacetylene flame deposition in open air. From the list of possible candidates most information with respect to diamond growth is reported on CN 14,15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and HCN. 13 As a consequence, the gas phase from which diamond is grown is not homogeneous in radial direction.…”

Section: Influence Of Nitrogen Addition On Oxyacetylene Flame Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 Conventional absorption, 21,22 cavity ring down spectroscopy ͑CRDS͒, 28 and two-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence ͑LIF͒ 14,15 have been applied for measuring CN in oxyacetylene flame CVD. From a simple explanation it followed that the observed positional difference is to be expected for any ͑nitrogen-containing͒ species that causes an enhanced growth rate, 15 and that it therefore supports a possible role of the CN radical in the growth mechanism. 17 It was found that the maxima in the radial LIF profiles were slightly further away from the center than the maxima of the radial growth rate profile.…”

Section: Influence Of Nitrogen Addition On Oxyacetylene Flame Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,15,24 This laser technique provides a sensitive, highly specific, and non-intrusive way to measure species distributions in a variety of environments including flames. Diamond layers were grown with a range of nitrogen additions and were characterized by a number of techniques.…”

Section: Influence Of Nitrogen Addition On Oxyacetylene Flame Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of nitrogen addition on oxyacetylene flame chemical vapor deposition of diamond as studied by solid state techniques and gas phase diagnostics

Stolk¹,

Herpen²,

Schermer³

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

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The effect of nitrogen addition on oxyacetylene flame deposition of diamond has been investigated. Two-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence measurements of CN radical distributions in the flame during deposition have been performed. These measurements show that nitrogen added to the source gases and nitrogen from the ambient air dominate the CN formation in the central and outer-flame area, respectively. Both sources of nitrogen have a significant influence in the area between the other two. Most of the observed film morphologies, which were studied by scanning electron microscopy, can be understood from the recently developed deterioration-gradient ͑DG͒ model for chemical vapor deposition of diamond, reported by J. J. Schermer et al. ͓J. Cryst. Growth 243, 302 ͑2002͔͒. It was found that the nitrogen range in which the ␣-parameter, defined by C. Wild et al. ͓Diamond Relat. Mater. 2, 158 ͑1993͔͒, changes from slightly below or equal to 1.5 to a value of 3 or more, is extremely narrow. This implies that under the present experimental conditions it is very hard or impossible to grow a layer with a central area consisting of ͗001͘ oriented ͕001͖ topped crystallites. Observed radial changes in the morphology of the sample grown without nitrogen addition were explained from radial changes in the gas phase composition, caused by interaction of the flame with nitrogen and, presumably, oxygen from the ambient air. The central growth rate as a function of the nitrogen flow shows an increase by more than a factor of 1.5 in going from 0 to 5 sccm and stays more or less constant between 5 and 25 sccm. From Raman spectra of the central area it clearly followed that under the present conditions even the smallest added nitrogen addition resulted in a decrease of the film quality. This may be related to a possible stimulation of the growth of non-diamond carbon compounds by nitrogen. A correlation, the origin of which is not known, was found between the stepwise narrowing of a broad band in the Raman spectra, which was attributed to non-diamond carbon, and changes in the morphology of the diamond films. Combining the present data with findings from literature, support is generated for the idea that CN is important in causing the effects of nitrogen on diamond growth.

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Development and application of CN PLIF for single-shot imaging in turbulent flames

Zhou

Brackmann

et al. 2015

Combustion and Flame

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Relation between gas phase CN radical distributions, nitrogen incorporation, and growth rate in flame deposition of diamond

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Influence of nitrogen on diamond growth in oxyacetylene combustion chemical vapor deposition

Influence of nitrogen on diamond growth in oxyacetylene combustion chemical vapor deposition

Influence of nitrogen addition on oxyacetylene flame chemical vapor deposition of diamond as studied by solid state techniques and gas phase diagnostics

Development and application of CN PLIF for single-shot imaging in turbulent flames

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