Relation between Fat Distributions and Several Plasma Adipocytokines after Exercise Training in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.

Abstract

Circulating concentrations of adipocytokines, such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), vary with exercise training, menopause, or regional variations in adipose tissues. In the present study, the relationships between body fat distributions and some adipocytokines w e r e c o m p a re d i n p r e m e n o pa u s al ( N = 9 ) a n d postmenopausal women (N=9), before and after exercise training. The training for 10 weeks (that is, 3 days/week) consisted of aqua exercise plus resistance exercise. The training reduced percent fat, body mass index, total fat mass (TFM), subcutaneous fat mass (SFM), and plasma levels of leptin and PAI-1 in both women. Mean value of plasma TNF-α tended to increase after training in both w om e n . P l a s ma l e p t i n l e v e l s w e re l o w e r i n postmenopausal than in premenopausal women, independently of training. In premenopausal women, plasma leptin levels correlated well with either TFM or SFM before and after training. Regression analysis of decreases in plasma leptin with a reduced amount of SFM revealed that decreases in plasma leptin depended to a greater extent on a loss of SFM. In postmenopausal women, no significant correlation was found between leptin levels and any of the fat depots. Plasma TNF-α levels correlated well with visceral fat mass (VFM) in premenopausal but not in postmenopausal women. Changes in TNF-α levels after training correlated well with reduced amount of VFM in premenopausal but not in postmenopausal women. Plasma PAI-1 levels were not different between groups. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between PAI-1 levels and any of the fat depots in both women. Thus, in premenopausal but not in postmenopausal women, changes in plasma concentrations of leptin and TNF-α correlate well with specific alterations in relative amount of SFM and VFM after training, respectively. However, no significant relationship between PAI-1 and any of the fat depots was found independently of either menopause or training.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein as a novel prognostic factor in obese breast cancer patients

“…Two studies observing a positive relationship between leptin and breast cancer did not identify the menopausal status and included both pre-and postmenopausal patients in their analyses [36,38]. Menopausal status could be a confounding factor, as Cento et al [39] and Hayase et al [40] noted higher leptin levels in Fig. 1 Serum levels of A-FABP and leptin of all breast cancer patients related to tumor characteristics premenopausal than postmenopausal women.…”

Positive correlation between tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cardiorespiratory fitness after six-months of regular aerobic exercise in Peruvian Amerindian women

“…Weight reduction in obese subjects following a hypocaloric diet for 12 months resulted in signifi cant decreases of p-TNF- and p-IL-6 12 , whereas in contrast p-TNF- concentrations were not infl uenced by exercise training or induced weight losses in non-obese 13,14 and obese pre- 15 and postmenopausal 16 women. In the present study exercise training did not change body weight, p-leptin or p-insulin, whereas mean elevated p-glucose was signifi cantly lower after the intervention period.…”

Which cytokine is the most related to weight loss-induced decrease in arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men?

“…In our study here, we selected the method of weight-loss for obese individuals to consist of a wellnutrient balanced dietary restriction and moderate intensity exercise habituation. The method of training is also one of the determinants of TNF-α levels, because contradictory levels of circulating TNF-α were observed after exercise training [5,[7][8][9]. Therefore, we suggest that differences in the use of the term "intervention", and/or the methods of exercise training used may account for the contradictory results in systemic inflammatory condition reported by different studies.…”

“…On the other hand, our study did not show any change in the levels of TNF-α, a well-known inflammatory factor. Actually, some previous studies demonstrated that the effect of weightloss on circulating TNF-α levels have induced definitely different result, increase, decrease, or unchanged [5,[7][8][9]. Bruun et al showed that adipose TNF-α levels decreased after a 15-week period of dietary restriction and habitual exercise intervention, but the circulating TNF-α levels did not decrease [5].…”

“…Several previous studies have revealed that weight-loss is an effective way to reduce the levels of many types of inflammatory substances (i.e., C-reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1] etc.) in obese individuals [5][6][7][8][9]. Numerous types of inflammatory substances have been found and most of these levels are known to increase in obesity.…”