Relapse Phenomena in Rats Infected With Single Spirochetes (Borrelia Recurrentis Var. Turicatae)

Schuhardt, V. T.; Wilkerson, Martha.

doi:10.1128/jb.62.2.215-219.1951

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In the experiment they used an inoculum of 10 5 bacteria from a broth culture and delivered it intravenously. Our experience is that rodents can be infected routinely with one to five organisms [ 47 , 78 , 81 ], as has been similarly found by investigators of B. duttonii [ 82 ] and B. turicatae [ 83 ]. In the Benoit et al report, the peak of spirochetemia occurred on day 3, which would be unexpected for an infection initiated by a tick bite or a much lower needle inoculum [ 72 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen and Host Response Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Borrelia hermsii Relapsing Fever

Crowder

Langeroudi

Estabragh

et al. 2016

Veterinary Sciences

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Most Borrelia species that cause tick-borne relapsing fever utilize rodents as their natural reservoirs, and for decades laboratory-bred rodents have served as informative experimental models for the disease. However, while there has much progress in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms, including antigenic variation, of the pathogen, the host side of the equation has been neglected. Using different approaches, we studied, in immunocompetent inbred mice, the dynamics of infection with and host responses to North American relapsing fever agent B. hermsii. The spirochete’s generation time in blood of infected mice was between 4–5 h and, after a delay, was matched in rate by the increase of specific agglutinating antibodies in response to the infection. After initiating serotype cells were cleared by antibodies, the surviving spirochetes were a different serotype and, as a population, grew more slowly. The retardation was attributable to the host response and not an inherently slower growth rate. The innate responses at infection peak and immediate aftermath were characterized by elevations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Immunodeficient mice had higher spirochete burdens and severe anemia, which was accounted for by aggregation of erythrocytes by spirochetes and their partially reversible sequestration in greatly enlarged spleens and elsewhere.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen and Host Response Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Borrelia hermsii Relapsing Fever

Crowder

Langeroudi

Estabragh

et al. 2016

Veterinary Sciences

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“…During starvation the borreliae tend to disappear from the hemolymph but persist in the organs (109). A single borrelia of B. turicatae, B. hermsii, or B. duttonji is sufficient to produce infection of laboratory animals (108,221,236). Experimentally, the minimal infective inoculum was lower for the interperitoneal route than for the subcutaneous route (89).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of Borrelia species.

Barbour¹,

Hayes²

1986

Microbiological Reviews

390

211

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TABLE 1. Borrelia species associated with diseases of humans and domestic animals % DNA Borrelia Sp.a Disease homology with Arthropod vector' Geographic distribution of disease B. hermsiib B. hermsii New World tick-borne 100 0. hermsi Western United States and Canada relapsing fever B. turicatae New World tick-borne 86 0. turicata Southwestern United States and relapsing fever northern Mexico B. parkeri New World tick-borne 77 0. parkeri Western United States and Baja relapsing fever California B. mazzottii New World tick-borne ND 0. talaje Mexico and Central America relapsing fever B. venezuelensis New World tick-borne ND 0. rudis Central America and northern South relapsing fever America B. duttonii Old World tick-borne 17 0. moubata Sub-Saharan Africa relapsing fever B. crocidurae Old World tick-borne 32-35 0. erraticus North Africa, East Africa, Near East, relapsing fever

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“…The spirochetes which produce the next bout of fever will induce their own specific antibodies. Upon injection of a rat with a single spirochete, antigenically distinct spirochetes can be isolated from the blood of the animal during the relapse phases (65). The characteristics of this disease suggest that surface antigens of the spirochetes undergo antigenic variation.…”

Section: Borrelia Vmp Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%