From 2002 to 2007, 103 patients with primary myelofibrosis or postessential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and a median age of 55 years (range, 32-68 years) were included in a prospective multicenter phase 2 trial to determine efficacy of a busulfan (10 mg/kg)/fludarabine (180 mg/m 2 )-based reduced-intensity conditioning regimen followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation from related (n ؍ 33) or unrelated donors (n ؍ 70). All but 2 patients (2%) showed leukocyte and platelet engraftment after a median of 18 and 22 days, respectively. Acute graft-versushost disease grade 2 to 4 occurred in 27% and chronic graft-versus-host disease in 43% of the patients. Cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality at 1 year was 16% (95% confidence interval, 9%-23%) and significantly lower for patients with a completely matched donor (12% vs 38%; P ؍ .003). The cumulative incidence of relapse at 3 years was 22% (95% confidence interval, 13%-31%) and was influenced by Lille risk profile (low, 14%; intermediate, 22%; and high, 34%; P ؍ .02). The estimated 5-year event-free and overall survival was 51% and 67%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, age older than 55 years (hazard ratio ؍ 2.70; P ؍ .02) and human leukocyte antigenmismatched donor (hazard ratio ؍ 3.04; P ؍ .006) remained significant factors for survival. The study was registered at www. clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT 00599547. (Blood. 2009;114:5264-5270)