Reinstatement of fear in humans: Autonomic and experiential responses in a differential conditioning paradigm

Reinstatement of contextual anxiety in humans: Effects of state anxiety

“…In contrast, others studies reported only a non-differential return of fear, i.e. increased fear responses (ratings, SCR) to both CS+ and CS-which did not differ from each other (Dirikx et al, 2009;Kull et al, 2012).…”

“…A previous combined cue and contextual fear conditioning study revealed only a non-differential return of contextual anxiety (Haaker et al, 2013a). Also cue conditioning studies revealed mixed results: some studies showed a differential return of fear (Dirikx et al, 2007(Dirikx et al, , 2004Hermans et al, 2005;Norrholm et al, 2006), whereas other studies only revealed a general, non-differential return of fear (Dirikx et al, 2009;Haaker et al, 2013a;Kull et al, 2012). A recent review on human reinstatement studies (Haaker et al, 2014) discussed various methodological issues like timing, CS and US type, number of extinction trials etc.…”

A review on human reinstatement studies: an overview and methodological challenges

“…While some of the studies also observed, to a certain degree, enhanced responding to the CS2 despite a more pronounced enhancement for the CS+ (Milad et al 2005;Dirikx et al 2007b;Kull et al 2012), other studies demonstrate ROF to both CS+ and CS2 to the same degree (generalized reinstatement). Whether ROF is specific for the CS+ or generalized to the CS-(s) is important, since the ability to discriminate safety cues from threat cues is negatively associated with pathological anxiety (Lissek et al 2005) and predictive of resilient responding to life stress (Craske et al 2012) (also see the section "Self-reported anxiety" below).…”

“…This suggests that different dependent measures do not seem to be differently susceptible to the reinstatement effect as the proportion of differential vs. generalized effects is similar for all measures. From Figure 1, it seems as if reinstatement effects in the control group (no-reinstatement US group) is mainly observed in nonphysiological measures (ratings, RT), but it has to be noted that only few studies have employed control groups (see later for details [ Table 3]) and only three of these (Norrholm et al 2006;Kull et al 2012;Sokol and Lovibond 2012) have recorded psychophysiological parameters (FPS, SCL, or SCR). Individual studies have mainly relied on single psychophysiological measures and few studies have acquired multiple psychophysiological measures (Sevenster et al 2012a;Haaker et al 2013b;Kindt and Soeter 2013).…”

“…1; Hermans et al 2005;Dirikx et al 2007bDirikx et al , 2009Kull et al 2012; two unpublished data sets [Dirikx 2006]). …”