Reinstatement of Conditioned Fear in Humans Is Context Dependent and Impaired in Amnesia.

LaBar, Kevin S.; Phelps, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.677

Cited by 151 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…It follows then, that the loss of hippocampal context processing would result in impaired episodic memory functions. Consistent with this idea, several recent reports indicate that human subjects with hippocampal damage are impaired in processing contextual information (Chun and Phelps, 1999;Weis et al, 2004;LaBar and Phelps, 2005;Shanks et al, 2005). The hippocampus may contribute contextual information to an extended circuitry, which includes, but is not limited to, the hippocampus.…”

Section: Could Episodic Memory Impairments Results From Context Processupporting

confidence: 57%

“…In this way, the hippocampus could bias the behavioral expression systems of the brain . These results support context processing accounts of hippocampal function (Hirsh, 1974;Penick and Solomon, 1991;Kim and Fanselow, 1992;Phillips and LeDoux, 1992;Freeman et al, 1997) and they join a growing body of data that has led to a recent resurgence of interest in the context processing role of the hippocampus (Chun and Phelps, 1999;Rosenbaum et al, 2001;Jeffery et al, 2004;Johnson, 2004;Smith et al, 2004;Weis et al, 2004;LaBar and Phelps, 2005;Shanks et al, 2005).…”

Section: What Constitutes a Context?supporting

confidence: 52%

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Hippocampal place cells, context, and episodic memory

2006

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ABSTRACT:Although most observers agree that the hippocampus has a critical role in learning and memory, there remains considerable debate about the precise functional contribution of the hippocampus to these processes. Two of the most influential accounts hold that the primary function of the hippocampus is to generate cognitive maps and to mediate episodic memory processes. The well-documented spatial firing patterns (place fields) of hippocampal neurons in rodents, along with the spatial learning impairments observed with hippocampal damage support the cognitive mapping hypothesis. The amnesia for personally experienced events seen in humans with hippocampal damage and the data of animal models, which show severe memory deficits associated with hippocampal lesions, support the episodic memory account. Although an extensive literature supports each of these hypotheses, a specific contribution of place cells to episodic memory has not been clearly demonstrated. Recent data from our laboratory, together with previous findings, indicate that hippocampal place fields and neuronal responses to task-relevant stimuli are highly sensitive to the context, even when the contexts are defined by abstract task demands rather than the spatial geometry of the environment. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that place fields reflect a more general context processing function of the hippocampus. Hippocampal context representations could serve to differentiate contexts and prime the relevant memories and behaviors. Since episodic memories, by definition, include information about the time and place where the episode occurred, contextual information is a necessary prerequisite for any episodic memory. Thus, place fields contribute importantly to episodic memory as part of the needed context representations. Additionally, recent findings indicate that hippocampal neurons differentiate contexts at progressively finer levels of detail, suggesting a hierarchical coding scheme which, if combined with temporal information, could provide a means of differentiating memory episodes. V V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Could Episodic Memory Impairments Results From Context Processupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: What Constitutes a Context?supporting

confidence: 52%

Hippocampal place cells, context, and episodic memory

2006

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“…On the basis of these findings, the subgenual vmPFC region has been proposed to be a potential human homologue of the rodent IL region (Hartley and Phelps, 2013;Milad et al, 2007a;Milad and Quirk, 2012), and may diminish fear expression via its projections to the amygdala. Context-dependent retrieval of extinction is associated with increased BOLD activation in the hippocampus (Kalisch et al, 2006;Milad et al, 2007b), and hippocampal lesions impair context-dependent fear reinstatement (LaBar and Phelps, 2005), a finding that parallels observations in rodents (Wilson et al, 1995).…”

Section: Neural Circuits Underlying Fear Learning and Regulation In Asupporting

confidence: 65%

Sensitive Periods in Affective Development: Nonlinear Maturation of Fear Learning

Hartley

Lee

2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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At specific maturational stages, neural circuits enter sensitive periods of heightened plasticity, during which the development of both brain and behavior are highly receptive to particular experiential information. A relatively advanced understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing the initiation, closure, and reinstatement of sensitive period plasticity has emerged from extensive research examining the development of the visual system. In this article, we discuss a large body of work characterizing the pronounced nonlinear changes in fear learning and extinction that occur from childhood through adulthood, and their underlying neural substrates. We draw upon the model of sensitive period regulation within the visual system, and present burgeoning evidence suggesting that parallel mechanisms may regulate the qualitative changes in fear learning across development.

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“…A specific hippocampal link to fear extinction was reported for 2 amnesic patients (1 with MRI-verified hippocampal atrophy) who failed to recover fear responses despite showing normal acquisition and extinction of fear memories; these patients responded as if their extinction training in the original learning context had occurred in a novel context (LaBar & Phelps, 2005).…”

Section: Hippocampus: Mediator Of Fear Memory Contextmentioning

confidence: 95%

Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

Levin

Nielsen

2007

Psychological Bulletin

519

557

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Nightmares are common, occurring weekly in 4%-10% of the population, and are associated with female gender, younger age, increased stress, psychopathology, and dispositional traits. Nightmare pathogenesis remains unexplained, as do differences between nontraumatic and posttraumatic nightmares (for those with or without posttraumatic stress disorder) and relations with waking functioning. No models adequately explain nightmares nor have they been reconciled with recent developments in cognitive neuroscience, fear acquisition, and emotional memory. The authors review the recent literature and propose a conceptual framework for understanding a spectrum of dysphoric dreaming. Central to this is the notion that variations in nightmare prevalence, frequency, severity, and psychopathological comorbidity reflect the influence of both affect load, a consequence of daily variations in emotional pressure, and affect distress, a disposition to experience events with distressing, highly reactive emotions. In a cross-state, multilevel model of dream function and nightmare production, the authors integrate findings on emotional memory structures and the brain correlates of emotion.Keywords: nightmares, distress, neurophysiology of fear memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathology Nightmares are the most common form of disturbed dreaming. Vivid, with emotions escalating at times to the brink of terror, they are manifestations of the dramatic autonomic and cognitive fluctuations that can arise during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and, under certain circumstances, during Stage 2 sleep. Nightmares can be simple and benign or so emotionally severe that they beg for comparison with psychotic episodes (C. Fisher, Byrne, Edwards, & Kahn, 1970;Hartmann, 1984;Sullivan, 1962). Occasional nightmares are almost ubiquitous in the general population. However, frequent distressing nightmares are more common than generally thought, affecting 4%-10% of individuals by conservative estimates. Nightmares are also extremely common following trauma exposure. Posttraumatic nightmares may depict traumarelated content and, in cases of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), may at times replicate the trauma with great distress (for review, see Mellman & Pigeon, 2005).There has been a proliferation of experimental work on posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightmares in the past 15 years, the vast majority of which has examined the psychopathological correlates of individuals with frequent nightmares. Furthermore, recent advances in neuroscience have greatly expanded our understanding of dreaming and related brain functions (Maquet, 2000;Maquet et al., 2000) as well as the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in fear conditioning and the development of PTSD (LeDoux, 2000;Ohman & Mineka, 2001). However, despite the clear implications of these developments for understanding nightmares, there are still no comprehensive models of nightmare etiology and no conceptual frameworks for understanding the link between posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightm...

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Reinstatement of Conditioned Fear in Humans Is Context Dependent and Impaired in Amnesia.

Cited by 151 publications

References 54 publications

Hippocampal place cells, context, and episodic memory

Hippocampal place cells, context, and episodic memory

Sensitive Periods in Affective Development: Nonlinear Maturation of Fear Learning

Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

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