Reinnervation of the extraocular muscles in goldfish is nonselective

Scherer, SS

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.06-03-00764.1986

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In agreement with the findings of Scherer [14], labeled cells were seen throughout the oculomotor nucleus on the ipsilateral side, but only in the ventromedial subdivision on the contralateral side (Fig. 1B, C).…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…1 B, C). We identify these cells as preganglionic EW neurons on the basis of the following criteria, all of which are characteristic of EW neurons in Paralabrax [21]: (1) they lie dorsal and lateral to the somatic oculomotor nucleus at its rostral end; (2) they are smaller and more polygonal in shape than somatic oculomotor cells; (3) they are labeled only on the ipsilateral side; and (4) they extend laterally beyond the medial longitudinal fasciculus (in a previous study [14], retrograde transport from the extraocular muscles of goldfish labeled no neurons this far lateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus). In our goldfish cases, EW neurons could typically be seen in only two consecutive sections, indicating a rostro-caudal extent of about 60/tm for the entire nucleus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We made no attempt to count these cells, but the axon counts of Scherer [14] indicate that there are, on average, about 56 axons innervating the ciliary ganglion of the goldfish.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A double-label study of efferent projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish and kelp bass

Wathey

Wullimann

1988

Neuroscience Letters

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The Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish was identified by retrograde labeling from the ciliary ganglion. In the same animals a few neurons near this nucleus (perinuclear Edinger-Westphal neurons) were labeled by a different retrograde tracer injected into the cerebellum. No double-labeled cells were found. Similar results were obtained in kelp bass, except that in this species no cerebellar-projecting perinuclear neurons were observed. Cerebellar-projecting Edinger-Westphal neurons have previously been described in some mammals, but not in other vertebrates. Therefore the homology of cerebellar-projecting cells of the Edinger-Westphal region in mammals and teleost fishes is doubtful.The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) of primates is a midbrain cell group that controls ocular accommodation and the pupillary reflex via a synapse in the ciliary ganglion [l, 2, 5, 16]. Although putative homologues of EW have been proposed for many other vertebrate groups, the midbrain neurons presynaptic to the ciliary ganglion have been identified by modern experimental techniques in only a few non-primate species (for review see ref. 21). In some of these species the connections of EW were shown to be more complex than previously assumed. For example, in cats [ll, 20] and rabbits [7], most of the preganglionic neurons lie outside of EW (as classically defined by descriptive anatomy). Furthermore, recent experiments have shown that many EW cells project to the spinal cord, cerebellum and other lower brainstem structures in several primates [24,16], and non-primate mammals [8][9][10][11][12]. The functions of these efferent pathways, and their relationship (if any) to the preganglionic pathway, are not fully understood.

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A double-label study of efferent projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish and kelp bass

Wathey

Wullimann

1988

Neuroscience Letters

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“…In a few examples this appears to involve a degree of selective reinnervation of the post-synaptic targets. Examples include reinnervation of the neuromuscular junction of fish, amphibia, and mammals (Sperry & Arora, 1965 (however, see Scherer, 1986); Dennis & Yip, 1978;Wigston & Sanes, 1985), regeneration of sensory input onto spinal motor neurones in the bull-frog (Sah & Frank, 1984), reinnervation of autonomic ganglia in mammals (NjA, & Purves, 1977;Purves, Thompson & Yip, 1981), and the restoration of correct retinotectal projections in fish and amphibia (Attardi & Sperry, 1963;Fujisawa, 1981). Specificity has been suggested by some observations on synaptic regeneration of identified invertebrate neurones, both in vivo (Jansen & Nicholls, 1972) and in vitro (Fuchs, Nicholls & Ready, 1981).…”

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confidence: 99%

Specificity of synaptic regeneration in the spinal cord of the larval sea lamprey.

Mackler

Selzer

1987

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Pairs of central neurones in large larval sea lampreys were impaled with micro-electrodes and studied for synaptic connexions in both unoperated control animals and animals which had recovered from complete spinal transection. Two identified classes of neurones served as post-synaptic targets: giant interneurones (g.i.s) and lateral cells (l.c.s). Several identified neurone types were tested as potential sources of presynaptic input.2. When synaptic potentials had short, fixed latencies they also persisted during activation of the presynaptic cell at 3 3-33 3 Hz and were not eliminated after addition of lamprey saline containing high (20 mM) Ca2+. These presumably represented monosynaptic connexions. Variable-latency responses were eliminated by faster rates of stimulation of the presynaptic cell and were mediated via polysynaptic pathways.3. In control animals, g.i.s received monosynaptic input from more caudal g.i.s in fourteen of thirty-two tested cell pairs. These excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) were composite electrochemical responses. The amplitudes of the earlier electrical component averaged 1-66 + 0-24 mV -(mean+ s.E. of mean) and the amplitude of the later chemical component averaged 0-79 ± 0 05 mV.4. In operated larvae, eight of forty-seven g.i.-g.i. pairs separated by the transection scar were connected by monosynaptic composite e.p.s.p.s. In these pairs the electrical component averaged 0-84 + 0-17 mV (P < 0 05 vs. control) and the chemical component averaged 1 56 + 0 40 mV. The average conduction velocity between these cells was less than that in control g.i.-g.i. pairs (0-93 + 0-11 vs. 1-61 + 0-25 m/s; P<0-01).5. The l.c.s showed monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s after activation of a subset of the bulbar Muller neurones (B2<) in seven of twelve pairs. In behaviourally recovered larvae three of twenty-two similar pairs separated by the transection scar were also connected via monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s. The average conduction velocity between these experimental neurones was also less than that in control bulbar-l.c. pairs (1-03+0-03vs. 1-58+0-09 m/s; P < 0-001).6. Several types of neurones were either infrequently linked or never connected to g.i.s or to l.c.s in control larvae. In animals which had recovered from a spinal S. A. MACKLER AND M. E. SELZER transection, no synaptic connexions were found from such neurones on to g.i.s or l.c.s respectively, in 124 tested cell pairs. In addition, dorsal cells (intraspinal primary sensory neurones) received no synaptic input upon stimulation of the spinal cord before or after transection.7. These findings indicate that regenerating spinal axons in the larval sea lamprey form functioning synapses directly onto neurones positioned within 8 mm distal to the healed transection scar. These axons appear to exhibit selectivity in their choice of synaptic targets.

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“…The existence of such guidance is suggested by the fact that the branching pattern of a regenerated nerve closely resembles that of the normal nerve (Glees, 1943), and by the observation that the advancing axons are found almost exclusively on the inside surface of empty sheaths, referred to as Schwann tubes (Ramon y Cajal, 1928;Holmes and Young, 1942;Scherer and Easter, 1984;Scherer, 1986). These tubes, which consist of the collagenous endoneurial sheaths and basal laminae of Schwann cells (Thomas, 1964), retain their structure when the distal stump is denervated during Wallerian degeneration (Weddell, 1942).…”

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confidence: 99%

Guidance of regenerating motor axons in larval and juvenile bullfrogs

Lee

Farel

1988

J. Neurosci.

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The segmental distribution of regenerating bullfrog motor axons was mapped in advanced tadpoles and juvenile frogs by stimulating selected muscle nerves and recording from the distal ends of the 3 lumbar ventral roots (VRs) that innervate the hindlimb. When motoneurons were axotomized by VR transection, they reestablished their original innervation fields, rarely, if ever, growing beyond the territory normally supplied by their spinal segment. However, when motoneurons were axotomized in the spinal nerves at the level of the hindlimb plexus, some of them regenerated into limb nerves that lay outside the axons' normal segmental boundaries, and many regenerated into the medial femoral cutaneous nerve, a pathway normally limited to sensory axons. These observations suggest that the ultimate destinations of regenerating axons are largely determined by structures the axons encounter as they penetrate the distal nerve stumps. Thus, axons regenerating from a severed VR grow into that root's own distal stump and reinnervate the hindlimb in a manner that is segmentally appropriate; axons transected near the plexus have access to the pathways of sensory, as well as motor, axons in all 3 lumbar segments, and establish innervation fields that are inappropriate for their segment of origin and their motor function.

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Reinnervation of the extraocular muscles in goldfish is nonselective

Cited by 28 publications

References 41 publications

A double-label study of efferent projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish and kelp bass

A double-label study of efferent projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish and kelp bass

Specificity of synaptic regeneration in the spinal cord of the larval sea lamprey.

Guidance of regenerating motor axons in larval and juvenile bullfrogs

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