Reinforcement strategies for producing functionally graded materials by friction stir processing in aluminium alloys

Different strategies of secondary phase incorporation into metallic sheets by friction stir processing in developing surface composites

“…However, optimizing the process parameters can address the distribution of the secondary phase during FSP. Along with the other influencing factors such as tool design and processing parameters, method of secondary phase incorporation is also found to have a major role in distributing the powder particles and producing a successful composite (Gandra et al 2011;Miranda et al 2013). The thickness of the composite layer produced using FSP depends on the method of secondary phase incorporation.…”

“…Also, the secondary phase may present in the matrix in the form of large particles after FSP as there is no control over the breakdown of the layers during the process. There are a few studies clearly demonstrated that if the dispersing particle size is reduced, the surface properties were found to be improved (Liu et al 2013;Morisada et al 2007;Sabbaghian et al 2014;Ratna Sunil et al 2014a;Ratna Sunil et al 2014b;Miranda et al 2013). Therefore, in sandwich method, control over the size of secondary phase particle resulted from the FSP within the matrix is very poor and completely depends on the processing parameters and the design of the tool.…”

“…The success of producing a composite using FSP depends on many factors such as tool design, processing parameters, and type of the material (Mishra et al 2014). Recent studies have clearly shown the method of secondary phase introduction during FSP also influence the amount and level of secondary phase distribution at the surface (Gandra et al 2011;Miranda et al 2013). Therefore, the objective of the present review is to give a comprehensive summary of different methods developed to incorporate secondary phase into the surface of the material in developing composites using FSP with an emphasis given to compare and discuss the methods.…”

Influence of fibre distribution and grain size on the mechanical behaviour of friction stir processed Mg–C composites

“…Particles or short fibres either have been deposited on the alloy surface [11] or have been placed in grooves [4,10,12] or in holes [13]. Alternatively, particles have also been loaded in holes drilled in the FSP tool [14,15]. Experimental procedures are quite complex and there is always a risk that porosities remain in the composite [11].…”

Improvement of Mechanical Properties in the Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites Fabricated via a Novel Multistep Friction Stir Processing

“…For instance, Hanagai et al [17] managed to produce functionally graded aluminum foams by changing the porosity percentage along the specimen's height. A preliminary research on the fabrication of aluminumbased FGMs was conducted by Garanda et al [18] Also, different strategies have been introduced by Miranda et al [19] They used a simple pre-deposition of particles on the top surface of workpiece followed by FSP and also, utilized a consumable aluminum tool with drilled hole filled with reinforcing particles. However, to the authors' best knowledge, there is no through work reporting the mechanical behavior of bulk FGM by FSP.…”