Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: A classroom analog

Vasta, Ross; Andrews, Donna; McLaughlin, Ann Marie; Stirpe, Louise A.; Comfort, C. Danjumbo

doi:10.1016/0022-4405(78)90055-9

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Thus, both showed small though nonsignificant undermining, but with a total of only 9 rewarded participants in the 2 studies combined, there is no basis for drawing conclusions. Eisenberger and Cameron (1996) discussed 4 other studies with within-subject designs (Davidson & Bucher, 1978;Feingold & Mahoney, 1975;Mawhinney, Dickinson, & Taylor, 1989;Vasta, Andrews, McLaughlin, Stirpe, & Comfort, 1978). Actually, Vasta et al (1978) reported 2 studies although Cameron and Pierce (1994) analyzed only the first, so there were 5 relevant studies.…”

Section: Is Undermining Transitory?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the 5 studies combined had a total of only 23 participants (3 for Davidson & Bucher [1978]; 5 for Feingold & Mahoney [1975]; 3 for Mawhinney et al [1989]; and 6 in each of the Vasta et al [1978] studies), making it tenuous to generalize the null effects. Further, given that none of these studies had control groups, one must be careful about interpretations, particularly since there appears to be substantial variability in the rates of pretreatment behavior.…”

Section: Is Undermining Transitory?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We did not include those studies because they did not meet the inclusion criterion of having a no-reward control group. The studies were Davidson and Bucher (1978); Feingold and Mahoney (1975); Mawhinney, Dickinson, and Taylor (1989);and Vasta, Andrews, McLaughlin, Stirpe, and Comfort (1978).…”

Section: Studies Excluded From Our Meta-analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Deci

Koestner²,

Ryan³

1999

Psychological Bulletin

5,048

152

3,633

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards significantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d = -0.40, -0.36, and -0.28, respectively), as did all rewards, all tangible rewards, and all expected rewards. Engagement-contingent and completioncontingent rewards also significantly undermined self-reported interest (d = -0.15, and -0.17), as did all tangible rewards and all expected rewards. Positive feedback enhanced both free-choice behavior (d = 0.33) and self-reported interest (d = 0.31). Tangible rewards tended to be more detrimental for children than college students, and verbal rewards tended to be less enhancing for children than college students. The authors review 4 previous meta-analyses of this literature and detail how this study's methods, analyses, and results differed from the previous ones.By 1971, hundreds of studies within the operant tradition (Skinner, 1953) had established that extrinsic rewards can control behavior. When administered closely subsequent to a behavior, rewards were reliably found to increase the likelihood that the behavior would be emitted again, an effect that persisted as long as the reward contingency was operative. When rewards were terminated, the likelihood that the behavior would be emitted eventually returned to the prereward baseline. This general finding led to the widespread advocacy of rewards as a motivational strategy, and behavior-change programs based heavily on the use of rewards were introduced into a variety of applied settings.In 1971, Deci (1971 argued that some activities provide their own inherent reward, so motivation for these activities is not dependent on external rewards. In line with White (1959), Deci referred to such activities as intrinsically motivated and raised the question of how extrinsic rewards would affect people's intrinsic motivation for these activities. Research reported in that and subsequent papers (Deci, 1971(Deci, , 1972a(Deci, , 1972b revealed that tangible rewards (viz., money) could undermine college students' intrinsic

show abstract

Section: Is Undermining Transitory?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Is Undermining Transitory?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Deci

Koestner²,

Ryan³

1999

Psychological Bulletin

5,048

152

3,633

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…praise DT multiple verbal Vasta et al (1978) gold star and gold star and gold star and gold star and praise praise: DT praise: multi-praise: unple clear Vasta and Stirpe (1979) tokens DT multiple verbal Weinberg and Jackson (1979) feedback and feedback and feedback and verbal money money: AT money: I Weiner (1980) tokens AP multiple verbal Weiner and Mander (1978) money AP 1 verbal B. W Williams (1980) comic books AP 1 verbal Wilson et al (1981) money AT 1 verbal Zuckerman et al (1980) praise AT 1 none a AT = after treatment; AP = after posttreatment; BT = before treatment; DT = during treatment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Differential Effects of Tangible Rewards and Praise on Intrinsic Motivation: A Comparison of Cognitive Evaluation Theory and Operant Theory

Carton

1996

BEHAV ANALYST

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Substantial research indicates that tangible rewards, such as money, prizes, and tokens, decrease response rates by undermining intrinsic motivation. In contrast, praise appears to increase response rates by enhancing intrinsic motivation. Based on their interpretation of available evidence, many social-cognitive researchers warn not to use tangible rewards in applied settings and to use praise instead. Furthermore, they suggest that the differential effects of the two types of rewards on intrinsic motivation cannot be explained using principles of operant psychology. Cognitive evaluation theory provides one of the most recent and widely cited social-cognitive explanations for the different effects of the two types of rewards on intrinsic motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1985). However, a review of existing research found little support for the explanations based on this theory and revealed three potential confounding effects: (a) temporal contiguity, (b) the number of reward administrations, and (c) discriminative stimuli associated with reward availability. These three confounding factors provide explanations for the effects of tangible rewards and praise on intrinsic motivation that are consistent with principles of operant psychology.

show abstract

“…Note, however, that studies investigating the effects of reward on task performance over repeated sessions have not found decrements in intrinsic motivation (e.g., Feingold & Mahoney, 1975;Mawhinney, Dickinson, & Taylor. 1989;Vasta, Andrews, McLaughlin, Stirpe. & Comfort, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Are We Reluctant to Sell Friendship?¹

Kemp

Burt

1999

J Applied Social Pyschol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There are a number of indicators that people try to keep money out of social relationships, and a number of reasons why such separation might occur: undermining of intrinsic motivation, contamination of signals of friendship, and the apparently irrational tainting influence of money. Two experiments in which psychology students participated in brief conversations under various payment conditions found little evidence for payment adversely affecting the social interactions. A third study comparing a service group (hairdressers) that has considerable social interaction with its customers and a control group indicated that the former did not suffer any undermining of normal social motivation. Overall, the findings suggest that the separation of money from social relationships may not have a rational foundation.

show abstract

Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: A classroom analog

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

The Differential Effects of Tangible Rewards and Praise on Intrinsic Motivation: A Comparison of Cognitive Evaluation Theory and Operant Theory

Why Are We Reluctant to Sell Friendship?¹

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: A classroom analog

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

The Differential Effects of Tangible Rewards and Praise on Intrinsic Motivation: A Comparison of Cognitive Evaluation Theory and Operant Theory

Why Are We Reluctant to Sell Friendship?1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Why Are We Reluctant to Sell Friendship?¹